A flow channel structure includes a substrate including a supply flow channel that guides a measurement target liquid toward inside; a separation element accommodating unit that accommodates a separation element that separates components included in the measurement target liquid; and a detection unit that guides the measurement target liquid passing through the separation element accommodating unit, wherein measuring light for measuring information about the components is to be irradiated onto the measurement target liquid. The detection unit includes a measurement flow channel part that guides the measurement target liquid, an incident part that is provided at an end of the measurement flow channel part and that guides the measuring light toward inside the measurement flow channel part, and an emission part that is provided at the other end of the measurement flow channel part and that derives the measuring light from the measurement flow channel part.

Systems and methods are described, and one method includes passing an optical beam through a volume of the gas to a reception surface, applying spectroanalysis to the optical beam received at the reception surface, and determining from the spectroanalysis whether a liquid is carried by the volume of the gas.

A turbomachinery control system for controlling supercritical working fluid turbomachinery. The control system includes a light emitter to project light through working fluid of the turbomachinery toward a primary light detector provided within a line of sight to the emitter. The system further includes one or more secondary light detectors spaced from the line of sight, and a controller determining one or both of an intensity of light detected by the primary detector relative to the detected light intensity by the secondary detector, and wavelength of light detected by the primary detector relative to wavelength of light detected by the secondary detector. The controller determines the working fluid proximity of the critical point based on one or both of the determined relative intensity and determined relative wavelength, and controlling an actuator to control turbomachinery inlet or outlet conditions in accordance with the working fluid determined proximity of the critical point.

A gas measurement system as disclosed can include a coherent light source, which emits a light beam; a detector; a beam path formed between the light source) and the detector; and a gas cell arranged in the beam path such that the detector receives light transmitted through the gas cell. The gas cell can include a porous ceramic and have an optical path length which is a multiple of the actual layer thickness of the gas cell. A optical element can be arranged in the beam path between the light source and the gas cell with the light beam emitted by the light being widened and unfocussed as the light beam enters the gas cell.

A gas detection system, comprising: a humidity measuring apparatus that measures humidity; a transmitting apparatus that includes a light source which emits an optical signal of a plurality of wavelengths; and a receiving apparatus including: a light detection part that receives the optical signal from the transmitting apparatus; a discrimination part that determines whether or not condensation exists in at least one region of regions where the optical signal passes, based on the humidity measured by the humidity measuring apparatus and a light intensity of the optical signal received by the light detection part.

A cuvette in which a fluorescent enzymatic reaction can be carried out that is for analyzing a sample includes at least one vertical wall and a bottom. The cuvette is made of a transparent or translucent material and a portion of the cuvette is partially covered on the outside with a sleeve including an inner coating made of retro-reflective material that is in contact with the cuvette.

The invention relates to a long path cell (10), in particular a Herriott cell, with (a) a primary mirror (12) and (b) a secondary mirror (14). According to the invention, it is provided that the primary mirror (12) has a first primary mirror segment (42.1) and at least one second primary mirror segment (42.2), which radially surrounds the first primary mirror segment (42.1), whereby the primary mirror segments (42) differ in their curvatures (R42.1, 42.2) or focal lengths, the secondary mirror (14) has a first secondary mirror segment (44.1) and at least one second secondary mirror segment (44.2) which radially sur-rounds the first secondary mirror segment (44.1), whereby the secondary mirror segments (44) differ in their curvatures (R42.1, R42.2) or focal lengths, the first primary mirror segment (42.1) and the first secondary mirror segment (44.1) are arranged in relation to each other such that a light beam is reflected back and forth between the two, and that the second primary mirror segment (42.2) and the second secondary mirror segment (44.2) are arranged in relation to each other such that a light beam is reflected back and forth between the two.

A fiber assembly (60) for capnography or oxygraphy employing an housing (61), a collimator (64), a retroreflector (67) and a single mode optical fiber (63). Housing (61) including a respiratory gas detection chamber (62). Collimator (64) is rigidly disposed within or detachably attached to housing (61), and retroreflector (67) is rigidly disposed within or detachably attached to housing (61). Collimator (64) and retroreflector (67) are optically aligned within housing (61) across respiratory gas detection chamber (62). Optical fiber (63) is optically aligned with collimator (64) within or external to the housing (61). In operation, optical fiber (63) emits a gas sensing light beam through collimator (64) across respiratory gas detection chamber (62) to retroreflector (67), and optical fiber (63) receives a gas detection light beam reflected from retroreflector (67) across respiratory gas detection chamber (62) through collimator (64) to optical fiber (63). The gas detection light beam is indicative of the degree of carbon dioxide or oxygen within any gas flowing through respiratory gas detection chamber (62).

Improved gas leak detection from moving platforms is provided. Automatic horizontal spatial scale analysis can be performed in order to distinguish a leak from background levels of the measured gas. Source identification can be provided by using isotopic ratios and/or chemical tracers to distinguish gas leaks from other sources of the measured gas. Multi-point measurements combined with spatial analysis of the multi-point measurement results can provide leak source distance estimates. These methods can be practiced individually or in any combination.

The invention relates to a long path cell (10), in particular a Herriott cell, with (a) a primary minor (12) and (b) a secondary mirror (14). According to the invention, it is provided that the primary mirror (12) has a first primary minor segment (42.1) and at least one second primary minor segment (42.2), which radially surrounds the first primary mirror segment (42.1), whereby the primary minor segments (42) differ in their curvatures (R42.1, 42.2) or focal lengths, the secondary minor (14) has a first secondary minor segment (44.1) and at least one second secondary mirror segment (44.2) which radially sur-rounds the first secondary minor segment (44.1), whereby the secondary minor segments (44) differ in their curvatures (R42.1, R42.2) or focal lengths, the first primary mirror segment (42.1) and the first secondary minor segment (44.1) are arranged in relation to each other such that a light beam is reflected back and forth between the two, and that the second primary mirror segment (42.2) and the second secondary minor segment (44.2) are arranged in relation to each other such that a light beam is reflected back and forth between the two.