A method monitors a line for changed ambient conditions. The line has a measuring line with a predetermined length and a measuring conductor surrounded by insulation having a known dielectric constant. In the method, an analog signal having a predetermined frequency is generated, the signal is divided into a reference signal and an operating signal, the operating signal is fed into the measuring conductor, a return signal obtained from the operating signal is combined with the reference signal and by a phase shift between the reference signal and the return signal, a measure is determined for the changed condition, particularly for a temperature change.

A temperature-controlled irradiation system may include an outer containment and a sealed capsule disposed within the outer containment. The sealed capsule may be configured to contain a testing material within the sealed capsule. The system may further include a temperature sensor disposed within the sealed capsule. The temperature sensor may be configured to measure a temperature of the testing material. A pressure sensor may be disposed within the sealed capsule. The pressure sensor may be configured to measure an internal pressure of the sealed capsule. The system may include a heater disposed within the sealed capsule. The heater may be configured to control the temperature of the testing material. The heater may be immersed within the testing material. A gas gap is provided between the sealed capsule and the outer containment. The gas gap may be configured to control thermal conductivity between the sealed capsule and the outer containment.

An apparatus for producing and analyzing sample materials may comprise a milling device for milling material components, a first metering device for metering a material component into the milling device, a second metering device for metering an activator liquid into the milled material component, a homogenization device for homogenizing the material components and the activator liquid to produce a sample material, a control device that is connected to the milling device and is configured to vary a parameter characteristic for milling intensity of the milling device so that particle size of the material components is altered, and a measuring device for determining a reactivity of the sample material. The present disclosure further concerns a process for producing and analyzing a plurality of sample materials. The process may involve varying at least one parameter characteristic for milling intensity for each sample material produced.

A method and system for calorimetrically measuring the temperature-dependent absorptivity of a homogeneous material dimensioned to be thin and flat with a predetermined uniform thickness and a predetermined porosity. The system includes a material holder adapted to support and thermally isolate the material to be measured, an irradiation source adapted to uniformly irradiate the material with a beam of electromagnetic radiation, and an irradiation source controller adapted to control the irradiation source to uniformly heat the material during a heating period, followed by a cooling period when the material is not irradiated. A thermal sensor measures temperature of the material during the heating and cooling periods, and a computing system first calculates temperature-dependent convective and radiative thermal losses of the material based on the measured temperature of the material during the cooling period when beam intensity is zero, followed by calculation of the temperature-dependent absorptivity of the material based on the temperature-dependent convective and radiative thermal losses determined from the cooling period.

A calorimeter cell of a calorimetry system is provided, having a cell body having an internal region for receiving a first substance, the cell body being comprised of a chemically inert material, and a thermally conductive layer at least partially surrounding the chemically inert cell body. Furthermore, an associated calorimeter and method is also provided, including a sample cell, a reference cell, a thermostat in thermal communication with the sample cell and the reference cell, a first conductive wire, the first conductive wire having a first end connected to the thermostat and a second end connected to the sample cell, and a second conductive wire, the second conductive wire having a first end connected to the thermostat and a second end connected to the reference cell.

A multi-sample differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) allows for the processing samples concurrently for high-throughput sample processing. The multi-sample DSC includes a test chamber; a sample cartridge located inside the test chamber, in which the sample cartridge comprises a plurality of sample wells arranged at a periphery of the sample cartridge; a plurality of temperature sensors, in which each temperature sensor measures a respective temperature of a respective sample well; and a processor configured to selectively determine a difference in temperature between any two or more sample wells of the plurality of sample wells.

A multi-sample differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) allows for the processing samples concurrently for high-throughput sample processing. The multi-sample DSC includes a test chamber; a sample cartridge located inside the test chamber, in which the sample cartridge comprises a plurality of sample wells arranged at a periphery of the sample cartridge; a plurality of temperature sensors, in which each temperature sensor measures a respective temperature of a respective sample well; and a processor configured to selectively determine a difference in temperature between any two or more sample wells of the plurality of sample wells.

A method monitors a line for changed ambient conditions. The line has a measuring line with a predetermined length and a measuring conductor surrounded by insulation having a known dielectric constant. In the method, an analog signal having a predetermined frequency is generated, the signal is divided into a reference signal and an operating signal, the operating signal is fed into the measuring conductor, a return signal obtained from the operating signal is combined with the reference signal and by a phase shift between the reference signal and the return signal, a measure is determined for the changed condition, particularly for a temperature change.

An imaging apparatus for a thermal analyzer is configured to image a heated sample inside a thermal analyzer main body section from an observation window provided in the thermal analyzer main body section. The imaging apparatus is provided with: an imaging device that is provided with a lens housing and a main body section; a holding section configured to hold the imaging device to have an orientation in which the lens housing is oriented toward the observation window, and the main body section is positioned on the opposite side of the observation window across the lens housing; and a cooling fan configured to provide airflow inside the holding section. The holding section is provided with a cooling air passage having an intake portion and an exhaust portion. At least a portion of the lens housing is arranged in the cooling air passage to be cooled by the airflow provided by the cooling fan.

A sample of a material is placed into a measuring cell of a calorimeter consisting of upper and the lower parts connected with each other by a movable detachable tight connection. The cell is equipped with two coaxially arranged tubes capable of independent connection to external devices. An outer tube is connected to the upper part of the cell and an inner tube is connected to the lower part of the cell via the movable detachable tight connection and is movable. At least once a contact of the sample with vapor of a liquid is provided and heat of adsorption is measured, then contact of the sample with the same or another liquid is provided and heat of wetting of the sample by the same or the other liquid is measured.