Electrochemical sensors can include at least two electrodes, over which an electrolyte is formed. The electrodes can be isolated from one another in order for reduction/oxidation reactions to occur at the electrodes and for an electric current to flow therebetween. The present disclosure describes the use of a barrier in the electrochemical sensor that is configured to isolate electrodes from one another for the purpose of preventing electrode shorting. Additionally, the physical structure of the barrier can also act as a stencil for shaping the electrodes.

A controller of the gas sensor can perform diagnostic processing of diagnosing a situation of control to the gas sensor in a case that the gas sensor in an operation state is determined to satisfy a predetermined diagnostic condition and adjustment processing of adjusting a condition for controlling the gas sensor in accordance with a result of diagnosis. In the diagnostic processing, a main pump voltage and a diagnostic threshold as a value of a voltage not causing decomposition of NOx in the main pump cell are compared. In the adjustment processing, temperature adjustment processing to cause, in a case that the main pump voltage is diagnosed to be equal to the threshold or more, the main pump voltage to be less than the threshold, at least in a way that the heater part increases the element driving temperature in the operation state by a predetermined increase amount is performed.

The ion sensor of the present invention is a current measurement type ion sensor that measures a current to measure a target ion, and includes an organic phase retaining layer containing an organic phase capable of forming an interface with the sample containing the target ion, a first electrode to which the organic phase retaining layer is laminated and containing a first insertion material composed of an inorganic compound, a second electrode arranged so as to face the organic phase holding layer and in contact with the sample.

A particulate matter sensor includes a shield through which exhaust gases flow in a direction of flow from upstream to downstream. A sensing element with a positive electrode and a negative electrode separated from the positive electrode by an electrode gap is located within the shield. The positive electrode includes a plurality of positive electrode branches each having positive electrode extensions extending downstream and separated from each other by positive electrode slots. A positive electrode extension tip for each has a positive electrode extension tip width. The negative electrode includes negative electrode branches each having negative electrode extensions extending upstream which are each flanked on each side thereof by a plurality of negative electrode slots. A negative electrode extension tip for each has a negative electrode extension tip width. A sum of the positive electrode extension tip widths is greater than a sum of the negative electrode extension tip widths.

A electrochemical sensor (100) for sensing an analyte in an associated volume (106), the sensor comprising a first solid element (126), a second solid element (128) being joined to the first solid element, a chamber (110) being placed at least partially between the first solid element and the second solid element, a working electrode (104) in the chamber (110) and wherein one or more analyte permeable openings (122) connect the chamber with the associated volume (106) and wherein the electrochemical sensor (100) further comprises an analyte permeable membrane (124) in said one or more analyte permeable openings, and wherein the one or more analyte permeable openings are arranged so that a distance from any point in at least one cross-sectional plane to the nearest point of a wall of said opening is 25 micrometer or less.

A gas sensor includes a sensor element, and the sensor element includes a bottomed tubular solid electrolyte, a detection electrode provided on an outer surface of the solid electrolyte, a reference electrode provided on an inner surface of the solid electrolyte. The detection electrode of the sensor element includes a detection electrode section provided at a position on a tip side of an axial direction, an attachment electrode section provided at a position on a base end side of the axial direction, and a lead electrode section provided at a position where the detection electrode section is connected to the attachment electrode section. An insulating layer is provided between a tube of the solid electrolyte and each of the attachment electrode section and the lead electrode section.

Apparatus and associated methods relate to a one-piece structure for a solid electrolyte chemical sensor (SECS) having a first surface defining a cavity designed to receive a substrate that retains a solid electrolyte, an internal water impermeable coating on at least a portion of the first surface, a second surface that is substantially coplanar with an adjacent peripheral edge of a top surface of the substrate when the substrate is received in the cavity, and a plurality of electrical contacts disposed on the second surface adapted to electrically couple with the electrodes on the substrate when the substrate is received in the cavity and electrical paths are provided between respective electrical contacts and electrodes. In an illustrative example, the internal water impermeable coating may include a metallic material, such as gold. In various embodiments, the one-piece structure may advantageously prevent water loss from both the sensor substrate and the SECS.

Various cell analysis systems of the present teachings can measure the electrical and metabolic activity of single, living cells with subcellular addressability and simultaneous data acquisition for between about 10 cells to about 500,000 cells in a single analysis. Various sensor array devices of the present teachings can have sensor arrays with between 20 million to 660 million ChemFET sensors built into a massively paralleled array and can provide for simultaneous measurement of cells with data acquisition rates in the kilohertz (kHz) range. As various ChemFET sensor arrays of the present teachings can detect chemical analytes as well detect changes in cell membrane potential, various cell analysis systems of the present teachings also provide for the controlled chemical and electrical interrogation of cells.

Electrochemical sensors (100) include at least two electrodes (110A, HOB), over which an electrolyte (114) is formed. The electrodes are isolated from one another in order for reduction/oxidation reactions to occur at the electrodes and for an electric current to flow therebetween. The present disclosure describes the use of a barrier (121) in the electrochemical sensor that is configured to isolate electrodes from one another for the purpose of preventing electrode shorting. Additionally, the physical structure of the barrier can also act as a stencil for shaping the electrodes.

A gas sensor (200) including a sensor element (10) having electrode pads (11a-12b); a separator (166); and a plurality of metal terminals (21a, 21b, 22a, 22b) each having a body portion (21a1) and a front end portion (21a2), and being insulated from each other by the separator. The separator has an element storage portion (168) penetrating in the axial-line direction or recessed toward a rear side from a front facing surface of the separator, the element storage portion has a first storage space (168a) at a front side thereof and a second storage space (168b) at a rear side thereof, the second storage space has a rotation restriction wall (168w) configured such that a relative rotation allowable angle 2θ between the sensor element and the separator is smaller than in the first storage space, and the rear end side of the sensor element is stored in the second storage space.