A hydrogen sensor for detecting hydrogen in a fluid in physical contact with the sensor comprises a sensing element, a first protection layer, provided to prevent contact of the sensing element with a sensor poisoning gas in the fluid, wherein the first protection layer comprises PMMA. Further, a hydrogen detection system, an electrical device having such a system and a method for producing a sensor are provided.

An apparatus and associated a method are described for performing gas analysis on a gas sample. The method comprising exciting the gas sample with one or more electromagnetic energy sources and obtaining optical absorption signals associated with the gas sample prior to application of a catalytic process to the gas sample as well as during and/or after application of the catalytic process to the gas sample. The obtained optical absorption signals may then be processed using differential calculation approaches to derive information associated with the gas sample, which may include for example information conveying concentrations of certain specific gases in the gas sample. In some implementations, the optical absorption measurement system is configured to use the one or more electromagnetic energy sources to excite the gas sample to produce first optical absorption signals. The optical absorption measurement system is also configured to apply a catalytic process to the gas sample to derive a modified gas sample and to use the one or more electromagnetic energy sources to excite the modified gas sample to produce second optical absorption signals. Information may then be derived at least in part by processing the first optical absorption signals and second optical absorption signals. The apparatus and associated method may find practical uses in a variety of fields including, without being limited to, the field of dissolved gas analysis (DGA) for detecting/monitoring faults in liquid-insulated electrical equipment as well as equipment used for mine safety, particularly coal mines; equipment for analyzing gases that emerge from the bore hole during drilling for natural gas and oil and equipment for identifying gas leaks in underground natural gas lines as well as other areas.

A system of spectroscopic devices deployed amongst the fluid infrastructure of hydrocarbon fluids are described herein. The devices provide early visibility into the characteristics of those fluids which inform and educate downstream parties of the potential value of the fluid, or the opportunity to reblend or redirect the fluid to optimize the formulization. By allowing downstream parties to determine the quality and quantity of refined products at an early stage, they are better able to determine the true value of the fluid. The data from the distributed network of spectroscopic analyzers provides valuation information that can be used to make more informed purchasing decisions or allow processors to create blends that optimize the efficiency of refining operations.

A method and system for estimating clean fluid composition and properties. A method may comprise disposing a downhole fluid sampling tool into a wellbore, wherein the downhole fluid sampling tool comprises optical instrumentation, obtaining a fluid sample with the downhole fluid sampling tool, wherein the fluid sample comprises a reservoir fluid contaminated with a well fluid, identifying input parameters from at least one sensor response on the optical instrumentation, and predicting a clean fluid sample of the reservoir fluid using an asymptote of a dimensional reduction analysis and equation of state. A system may comprise a downhole fluid sampling tool and a processing unit. The downhole fluid sampling tool may further comprise an optical instrumentation operable to obtain fluid samples of a reservoir fluid contaminated with a well fluid while the downhole fluid sampling tool is disposed in a wellbore.

A gas sensor that selectively detects and/or measures acetylene and/or ethylene includes a substrate; at least one electrode pair; at least one gas-sensitive layer consisting of at least one metal oxide from the group ReFeO.sub.3 and in contact with the at least one electrode pair; a heating element; and at least one control device, wherein the heating element is adapted to be heated alternately to at least two different temperatures of 150° C.-250° C., 200° C.-300° C. and 250° C.350° C., respectively, by the control device.

Data relating to an amount of contaminant in a fluid is obtained from a contaminant detection device. Aeration detection raw voltage data output and particle detection raw voltage data output from the contaminate detection device are received at an external data processing system separate and independent from the contaminate detection device. The aeration detection raw voltage data output and particle detection raw voltage data output are analyzed and cleaned to determine real time information on the amount of air bubbles and solid contaminate particles in the fluid, and then supplied to an onboard monitoring and controlling module of a machine for controlling one or more operations onboard the machine based on the determined amount of solid contaminate particles.

The invention relates to a system and to a method for separating into at least one of liquid and gas phase compounds contained in a sample. The system comprises: an oven (D1) for heating in an inert atmosphere according to a sequence of temperatures, a first experimental setup (M1) connected to oven (D1) when it is in operation, comprising circulating the effluent resulting from heating in an inert atmosphere towards collection of (U) this effluent, a second experimental setup (M2) connected to first experimental setup (M1) when the oven is no longer in operation, comprising vacuum circulation (PI, P.G., TP) of the effluent collected by the first setup towards (T1, T2) which separate the collected effluent into at least one of liquid and gas phases.

A method monitors gases produced in an insulating medium circuit. The insulating medium circuit is in contact with a transition resistor of an on-load tap-changer. The method includes: ascertaining a time profile of a resistor temperature of the transition resistor during a loading time period; and determining at least one characteristic value for characterizing the gases produced based upon the time profile of the resistor temperature.

A transformer fault diagnosis and positioning system based on a digital twin is provided and includes the following. A communication sensing module, which is configured to transmit bottom-level monitoring data obtained from a device entity to a system support module. The system support module, which is configured to receive and preprocess bottom-level monitoring data, and store various data, models and expert systems. A dynamic twin module, which is configured to analyze a multi-dimensional probability status of a device fault, construct a dynamic degradation model of different health states, and realize model correction through human-computer interaction, real-time measurement, and dynamic update subsequently. A decision-making diagnosis module, which is configured to construct a digital twin of data to be diagnosed, to realize diagnosis and positioning of the health state. A user interface module to display a diagnosis result and related information through a UI interface, to provide further decision-making and human-computer interaction.

A method produces a void fraction (VF) error curve which correlates an apparent VF with the actual VF of a multi-phase flow, the method comprising (a) using a device to measure a property of the multi-phase flow from which an apparent VF may be calculated; (b) calculating the apparent VF using the measured property from the device; (c) determining the actual VF of the multiphase flow using a radiometric densitometer; (d) using the values from steps (b) and (c) to calculate the VF error; (e) repeating steps (b) through (d) for all expected flow conditions to generate a VF error curve.