Methods of determining infection type are disclosed. In one embodiment, the method comprises measuring the amount of TRAIL and/or IP10 no more than two days from symptom onset.

The present invention relates to a method for determining predisposition of a subject to developing renal dysfunction induced by physical trauma, hypotension, sepsis and/or septic shock syndrome, wherein the method comprises the steps of:a. determining the level of an anti-inflammatory cytokine present in a sample taken from the subject prior to physical trauma, prior to a hypotensive event, prior to sepsis, and/or prior to septic shock syndrome; b. determining if the subject is predisposed to developing renal dysfunction following physical trauma, hypotension, sepsis and/or septic shock syndrome on the basis of the level of an anti-inflammatory cytokine determined in step a).

The present invention includes a method for excluding patients from the need for further analysis of Alzheimer's Disease comprising: obtaining a blood or serum sample from a patient in a primary care setting; determining the expression levels of at least 4 of the following proteins: FABP, beta 2 microglobulin, PPY, soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor 1 (sTNFR1), CRP, VCAM-1, thrombopoietin, 2 macroglobulin, eotaxin 3, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-), tenascin C (TNC), IL-5, IL-6, IL-7, IL-10, IL-18, 1309, Factor VII, thymus and activation-regulated chemokine (TARC), serum amyloid A (SAA), and intercellular cell-adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1); comparing the level of expression from the sample with a statistically locked-down, multi-ethnic, broad age spectrum statistical sample; and determining if the patient is excluded from further testing for Alzheimer's Disease, thereby eliminating the need for further testing of the patient.

The invention provides methods for using expression levels of Fas to select individuals or subpopulation of individuals who can benefit from an anti-cancer therapy and for assessing whether an individual suspected of having or developing cancerous tumors will beneficially respond to an anticancer therapy. The invention additionally provides methods of treatment for individuals selected as likely to benefit from anti-cancer therapy based on Fas expression levels.

The disclosure provides biomarker proteins, a change in the concentration or activity level of which are associated with atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome (aHUS) or clinically meaningful treatment of aHUS with a complement inhibitor. Also provided are compositions and methods for interrogating the concentration and/or activity of one or more of the biomarker proteins in a biological fluid. The compositions and methods are useful for, among other things, evaluating risk for developing aHUS, diagnosing aHUS, determining whether a subject is experiencing the first acute presentation of aHUS, monitoring progression or abatement of aHUS, and/or monitoring response to treatment with a complement inhibitor or optimizing such treatment.

A method for predicting risk of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) in a pregnant individual includes measuring one or more biochemical markers in a blood sample obtained from the pregnant individual to determine one or more biomarker levels, where the one or more measured biochemical markers includes at least one of PAI-2 and sTNFR1, identifying, for each of the one or more measured biochemical markers, a difference between the measured biomarker level and a corresponding predetermined control level, and, responsive to the identifying, determining a prediction corresponding to a relative risk of the pregnant individual having or developing GDM.

The invention provides agonistic TNFR2 antibodies and antigen-binding fragments thereof and encompasses the use of these antibodies as therapeutics to promote the proliferation of regulatory T cells (T-reg) for the treatment of immunological diseases. Antibodies of the invention can be used to potentiate the T-reg-mediated deactivation of self- and allergen-reactive T- and B-eases. Antibodies and can thus be used to treat a wide variety of indications, including autoimmune diseases, allergic reactions, asthma, graft-versus-host disease, and allograft rejection, among others.

Provided are novel anti-TNFRSF21 antibodies and antibody drug conjugates, and methods of using such anti-TNFRSF21 antibodies and antibody drug conjugates to treat cancer.

The present disclosure is directed toward methods for detecting brain related maladies in a subject by measuring levels of at least one of the identified biomarkers, as compared to a control. Brain related maladies include physical trauma to the brain, neurodegenerative disorders, and mental illness. The detection of the target biomarkers in ocular fluid provides a simpler and more effective sample matrix as compared to other biological matrices.

The present invention relates to a method for diagnosing and/or prognosing renal dysfunction. The method comprises the steps of: (a) determining the level of an anti-inflammatory cytokine present in a urine sample from a subject prior to physical trauma, prior to a hypotensive event, prior to sepsis, and/or prior to septic shock syndrome; (b) determining the level of the anti-inflammatory cytokine present in a urine sample from the subject following physical trauma, following or during a hypotensive event, following or during sepsis, and/or following or during septic shock syndrome; (c) calculating the difference between the level of the anti-inflammatory cytokine determined in step a) from the level of the anti-inflammatory cytokine determined in step b), and (d) providing a diagnosis and/or prognosis on the basis of a comparison between the difference calculated in step c) and the difference calculated in step c) when steps a) and b) are practiced on a control group.