An aspect of the present disclosure is directed to and provides radar-reflecting systems and apparatus that employ metasurfaces to produce enhanced radar cross sections that are greater than those produced by the geometry of the surfaces alone. Another aspect of the present disclosure is directed to and provides heat-ducting systems and apparatus that include metasurfaces. A further aspect of the present disclosure is directed to and provides cards with metasurfaces. Exemplary embodiments utilize fractal plasmonic surfaces for a metasurface.

A radar apparatus according to the present disclosure includes: a transmission unit configured to transmit radio waves; a reception unit including a first receiver configured to receive a first reflected radio wave and a second receiver configured to receive a second reflected radio wave, the first reflected radio wave and the second reflected radio wave having different polarization characteristics from each other and being included in reflected radio waves that are the radio waves reflected by a detection target; and a control unit configured to control operations of the transmission unit and the reception unit, and configured to identify the detection target on the basis of the operation of the transmission unit, a first reception level at the first receiver, and a second reception level at the second receiver.

The invention relates to a method (500) for ascertaining an installation angle (α.sub.Install) between a roadway (170) on which a vehicle (100) travels and a detection direction (122) of a measurement or radar sensor (105). The method (500) has a step (510) of reading a plurality of reflection signals (125), each of which represents a measurement or radar beam (120) which has been emitted by a transmission unit (115) of the measurement or radar sensor (105) and each of which has been reflected on a different reflective section (130) of the vehicle (100). The reflection signals (125) have movement information on a movement direction of the vehicle (100) reflective section (130) on which the measurement or radar beam (120) has been reflected, and/or the reflection signals (125) have position information that represents the position (420) of the vehicle (100) reflective section (130) on which the measurement or radar beam (120) has been reflected. The method (500) additionally has a step (520) of detecting a movement direction component (v.sub.0) of the vehicle (100) reflective section (130) movement directions represented by the movement information from the plurality of reflection signals (125), wherein for said component all of the vehicle (100) reflective sections (130) are carrying out the same movement, and/or detecting a movement direction component (v.sub.0) for which the vehicle (100) reflective section (130) positions (420) represented by the position information are mapped at the same point in time while assuming the movement according to the movement direction component (v.sub.0) and form a shape at said point in time in a two-dimensional display, said shape having the greatest similarity to an L-shape (410). The method (500) lastly has a step (530) of determining the installation angle (α.sub.Install) using the detected movement direction component (v.sub.0).

Disclosed are techniques for non-line-of-sight (NLOS) target detection. In an aspect, a source vehicle receives, from a roadside unit (RSU), a notification that the RSU is capable of repeating radar signals transmitted by the source vehicle in NLOS directions from the source vehicle, receives, from an active radar repeater associated with the RSU, radar signals for a radar beam sweep in at least one NLOS direction from the source vehicle, receives an angle of each beam of the radar beam sweep, and performs target object detection based on the radar signals for the at least one NLOS direction and the angle of each beam of the radar beam sweep. Example architectures for the active radar repeater are also disclosed.

Methods, systems, and devices for wireless communications are described. A vehicle-based wireless device may receive a calibration availability message from a roadside unit identifying one or more calibration characteristics of a calibration object associated with the roadside unit. The vehicle-based wireless device may determine one or more sensor characteristics for a sensor of the vehicle and the vehicle. The vehicle-based wireless device may measure the one or more calibration characteristics of the calibration object using the sensor while the vehicle is within a defined range of the calibration object. The vehicle-based wireless device may perform a calibration procedure to calibrate the sensor based at least in part on the identified one or more calibration characteristics, the measured one or more calibration characteristics, and the one or more sensor characteristics.

Methods and systems for estimating the position of an object such (as a vehicle) are disclosed. The method comprises transmitting a first V2X message from the object to a plurality of spaced apart units; and receiving a set of V2X response messages from at least two units in response to the first V2X message. Each response message comprises an identifier of the object, an identifier of the unit from which the response message was sent, and temporal information associated with the times of receiving a previous V2X message at the unit and transmitting a previous V2X response message from the unit. The position of the object is estimated based on the information contained in the set of V2X response messages and the times of transmitting the previous V2X message from the object and receiving the previous set of V2X response messages at the object.

The present disclosure provides methods and apparatuses that enable a radar system to transmit radar signals into lanes on a roadway in which a vehicle may turn. For example, when a car is making a protected right turn, that is a right turn when there is another vehicle traveling in the same direction in a lane adjacent to the lane of the turning vehicle, a traditional radar may have its view of the lane in which it is turning obscured by the vehicle in the lane adjacent to the lane of the turning vehicle. By using radar deflectors strategically located near the front of the vehicle, the radar signals may be deflected at angles to avoid being obstructed by the vehicle in the lane adjacent to the lane of the turning vehicle.

The invention relates to a method of creating a map of a navigation region of a vehicle, the method comprising: traveling along a path, predefined by a track guidance marking present in the navigation region, with the vehicle; determining distances of the vehicle from objects possibly present in an environment of the path; and creating the map based on the track guidance marking and on the distances.

The invention further relates to a method of determining a pose of a vehicle in a navigation region, the method comprising: determining a position of the vehicle relative to a track guidance marking present in the navigation region; determining distances of the vehicle from objects possibly present in an environment of the vehicle; and determining the pose based on the position, on the distances, and on a map. The invention further relates to a corresponding mapping apparatus and to a corresponding localization apparatus.

An automotive radar system that is switchable between one or more high power modes and one or more increased channel modes. The radar system includes multiple transmit antennas, an integrated circuit including a transmit chain generating a positive transmit signal and a negative transmit signal that together form a differential transmit signal, and a coupling interface. The coupling interface configurably couples the differential transmit signal to two transmit antennas of the multiple transmit antennas to selectively drive the two transmit antennas in either a differential mode or in a power-combining mode that combines power from the positive transmit signal and negative transmit signal to drive a first transmit antenna of the multiple transmit antennas while isolating a second transmit antenna of the two transmit antennas.

A system is described for determining the location of a vehicle including an on-board computer and a ground penetrating radar mounted on the vehicle that is communicably connected to the on-board computer. A reflective landmark is located at a known location along the path of the vehicle. The reflective landmark includes reflective elements arranged to encode data. The ground penetrating radar transmits signal energy and detects reflected signal energy reflected by the reflective landmark and communicates encoded data representative of the reflected signal energy to the on-board computer. The on-board computer decodes the encoded data and thereby determines the location of the vehicle.