Arrays of integrated analytical devices and their methods for production are provided. The arrays are useful in the analysis of highly multiplexed optical reactions in large numbers at high densities, including biochemical reactions, such as nucleic acid sequencing reactions. The integrated devices allow the highly sensitive discrimination of optical signals using features such as spectra, amplitude, and time resolution, or combinations thereof. The arrays and methods of the invention make use of silicon chip fabrication and manufacturing techniques developed for the electronics industry and highly suited for miniaturization and high throughput.

There is provided a method for making an optical element having a textured surface. The method comprises the steps of: a) providing a plurality of primary optical fiber segments, each primary fiber segment comprising one or more cores; b) bundling the primary fiber segments into an assembly with the cores of said primary fiber segments extending parallely; c) transforming the assembly into a secondary structure comprising the parallely extending cores; and d) etching a surface of the secondary structure according to an etch profile of said secondary structure, the etch profile being defined by the parallely extending cores, thereby forming the textured surface of the optical element. An optical element having a textured surface is also provided.

A waveguide Bragg grating includes a silicon substrate defining a length, a width and a depth and a silicon dioxide (SiO.sub.2) cladding over the silicon substrate and encasing a silicon nitride (Si.sub.3Ni.sub.4) core extending along the length of the silicon substrate and defining a variable width and thickness; wherein the silicon nitride (Si.sub.3Ni.sub.4) core is configured as and functions as a complex Bragg grating waveguide. The waveguide Bragg grating is designed by determining a grating profile of the silicon nitride (Si.sub.3Ni.sub.4) core from a Layer Peeling algorithm and a Layer Adding algorithm; and mapping the grating profile to a 1-layer waveguide structure with varying width dimensions. The method further relates the grating profile to an effective index variation and maps the range of the effective index variation to the structure. The width corresponds to a single specific effective index. A method of manufacturing is also disclosed.

Arrays of integrated analytical devices and their methods for production are provided. The arrays are useful in the analysis of highly multiplexed optical reactions in large numbers at high densities, including biochemical reactions, such as nucleic acid sequencing reactions. The integrated devices allow the highly sensitive discrimination of optical signals using features such as spectra, amplitude, and time resolution, or combinations thereof. The arrays and methods of the invention make use of silicon chip fabrication and manufacturing techniques developed for the electronics industry and highly suited for miniaturization and high throughput.

An optical sensor includes an optical fiber inscribed with densely-overlapping, chirped-frequency fiber Bragg gratings at multiple locations along the optical fiber such that light reflected from a location on the optical fiber is reflected at multiple frequencies in a range of frequencies. An entire length of the optical sensor includes densely-overlapping, chirped-frequency fiber Bragg gratings. At least two of the densely-overlapping, chirped-frequency fiber Bragg gratings overlap at every measurement point along the entire length of the optical sensor. An optical sensing system uses the optical sensor. A method of making the optical sensor is described.

Arrays of integrated analytical devices and their methods for production are provided. The arrays are useful in the analysis of highly multiplexed optical reactions in large numbers at high densities, including biochemical reactions, such as nucleic acid sequencing reactions. The integrated devices allow the highly sensitive discrimination of optical signals using features such as spectra, amplitude, and time resolution, or combinations thereof. The arrays and methods of the invention make use of silicon chip fabrication and manufacturing techniques developed for the electronics industry and highly suited for miniaturization and high throughput.

The disclosed embodiments generally relate to extruding multiple layers of micro- to nano-polymer layers in a tubular shape. In particular, the aspects of the disclosed embodiments are directed to a method for producing a Bragg reflector comprising co-extrusion of micro- to nano-polymer layers in a tubular shape.

The present disclosure generally provides waveguide combiners and methods thereof. The waveguide combiners include a substrate. A first grating is disposed over the substrate. The first grating includes a first device structure. A first coating layer is disposed over the first device structure. A first donor substrate is disposed over the first coating layer. A second grating is disposed over the substrate. The second grating includes a second device structure. A second coating layer is disposed over the second device structure. A second donor substrate is disposed over the second coating layer. An encapsulation layer is disposed over the first grating and the second grating.

The present disclosure generally provides waveguide combiners and methods thereof. The methods include forming a waveguide combiner by disposing a first grating including a first device structure over a first donor substrate. The first grating is transferred from the first donor substrate to a waveguide substrate.

Arrays of integrated analytical devices and their methods for production are provided. The arrays are useful in the analysis of highly multiplexed optical reactions in large numbers at high densities, including biochemical reactions, such as nucleic acid sequencing reactions. The integrated devices allow the highly sensitive discrimination of optical signals using features such as spectra, amplitude, and time resolution, or combinations thereof. The arrays and methods of the invention make use of silicon chip fabrication and manufacturing techniques developed for the electronics industry and highly suited for miniaturization and high throughput.