Provided is a light control film capable of gradually changing the in-plane transmittance and thereby adding an in-plane gradation between light and dark. A light control film 10 according to the present invention includes: a first electrode 22A and a second electrode 22B disposed facing each other; a light control material 14 disposed between the first electrode 22A and the second electrode 22B and changing the transmittance in accordance with the potential difference between the first electrode 22A and the second electrode 22B; and a potential gradient forming part for providing the gradient of the potential difference in the extension direction of the first electrode 22A and the second electrode 22B.

There is provided an optical waveguide device including: a substrate; an optical waveguide formed on the substrate; and a working electrode that controls a light wave propagating through the optical waveguide, in which the working electrode includes a first base layer made of a first material, a first conductive layer on the first base layer, a second base layer made of a second material different from the first material, which is on the first conductive layer, and a second conductive layer on the second base layer, and an edge of the second base layer is covered with the second conductive layer, in a cross-section perpendicular to an extending direction of the optical waveguide.

An optical device includes a silicon substrate, a waveguide formed of a thin film that is laminated on the silicon substrate and that is made of a perovskite oxide with a large electro-optic effect as compared to lithium niobate, and a cladding layer that covers the waveguide. Further, the optical device includes ground electrode that has a ground potential and a signal electrode that is arranged at a position facing the ground electrode and that applies driving voltage to the waveguide.

An approach for realizing low-power, high-port-count optical switching systems, such as OXCs, WXCs, and ROADMs is presented. Optical switching systems in accordance with the present disclosure include arrangements of frequency-filter blocks, each of which includes a cascaded arrangement of tunable couplers and tunable Mach-Zehnder Interferometers (MZIs) that provides a substantially flat-top broadband transfer function for the frequency-filter block. The tunability for these devices is achieved by operatively coupling a low-power-dissipation phase controller, such as a stress-optic phase controller or liquid-crystal-based phase controller with one arm of the device, thereby enabling control over the coupling coefficient of the device.

The purpose of the present invention is to realize a lighting device of thin, low power consumption and small light distribution angle. The present invention takes the following structure to realize the above task:

A lighting device comprising:

a disc shaped light guide, having a main surface and a rear surface, including a first hole at a center,

a disc shaped reflection sheet, disposed at the rear surface side of the light guide, including a second hole at a center,

a prism sheet, disposed at the main surface side of the light guide, including a concentric first prism array,

wherein a reflection mirror is set in the first hole of the light guide at the side near to the prism sheet,

an LED is set opposing to the reflection mirror.

An optical modulator includes: an optical modulation element that is configured to generate two modulated light beams, each of which is modulated by two sets of electrical signals, and that includes a plurality of signal electrodes; a plurality of signal input terminals, each of which inputs an electrical signal; a relay substrate on which a plurality of signal conductor patterns and a plurality of ground conductor patterns are formed, the relay substrate being configured to propagate the two sets of electrical signals by two pairs of the adjacent signal conductor patterns; and a housing, in which the at least two signal conductor patterns including at least one parts mounting part including electrical circuit elements are configured such that first signal propagation directions, which are signal propagation directions at the parts mounting parts, are different from each other.

A liquid crystal (LC) beam steerer includes a waveguide apparatus with a waveguide having a high-index core in contact with a variable-index liquid crystal (LC) cladding, wherein a voltage applied to the LC cladding is effective to steer a beam of light passing through the high-index core. Measuring the bulk birefringence and/or the capacitance characteristics of the LC can facilitate beam steering.

A coplanar waveguide wire electrode structure and a modulator includes a metal electrode and an optical waveguide. The metal electrode includes ground electrodes and a signal electrode. Connecting arms are arranged on both sides of the signal electrode. The inner sides of the ground electrodes are provided with other connecting arms. The tail ends of the connecting arms of the signal electrode are provided with signal wire extension electrodes, and the tail ends of the connecting arms of the ground electrodes are provided with ground wire extension electrodes. A distance is provided between the signal wire extension electrodes and the ground wire extension electrodes. The optical waveguide passes through the spaces between the signal wire extension electrodes and the ground wire extension electrodes. By extending the metal electrode, the distance between the electrodes is actually shortened.

An optical element is switchable between a first state having a first focal length and a second state having a second focal length. The optical element includes a first electrode layer, an insulation layer, a resistance layer, a liquid crystal layer, and a second electrode layer, which are arranged in order. An electric resistance ratio of the resistance layer increases from a central part to a peripheral part.

Provided is a light control film capable of gradually changing the in-plane transmittance and thereby adding an in-plane gradation between light and dark. A light control film 10 according to the present invention includes: a first electrode 22A and a second electrode 22B disposed facing each other; a light control material 14 disposed between the first electrode 22A and the second electrode 22B and changing the transmittance in accordance with the potential difference between the first electrode 22A and the second electrode 22B; and a potential gradient forming part for providing the gradient of the potential difference in the extension direction of the first electrode 22A and the second electrode 22B.