An image forming apparatus including an electrophotographic photosensitive member having a support and a photosensitive layer, a charging unit that forms an electrostatic image on an outer surface of the electrophotographic photosensitive member, a developing unit that supplies a toner to the electrostatic image to form a toner image, and a transfer unit that transfers the toner image on a transfer medium. In this image forming apparatus, the surface layer of the electrophotographic photosensitive member contains a binder resin (A) having a specific structure and silica particles, and the wax contains a specific monoester compound.

An image forming apparatus including an electrophotographic photosensitive member having a support and a photosensitive layer, a charging unit that forms an electrostatic image on an outer surface of the electrophotographic photosensitive member, a developing unit that supplies a toner to the electrostatic image to form a toner image, and a transfer unit that transfers the toner image on a transfer medium. In this image forming apparatus, the surface layer of the electrophotographic photosensitive member contains a binder resin (A) having a specific structure and silica particles, and the wax contains a specific monoester compound.

A coloring composition is a coloring composition including a black colorant, a polymerizable compound, and a photopolymerization initiator, in which the photopolymerization initiator includes a photopolymerization initiator a in which a light absorption coefficient at 365 nm in methanol is more than 1.0×10.sup.2 mL/gcm and a photopolymerization initiator b in which a light absorption coefficient at 365 nm in methanol is 1.0×10.sup.2 mL/gcm or less and a light absorption coefficient at 254 nm is 1.0×10.sup.3 mL/gcm or more, a content of the photopolymerization initiator b is 45.0 to 200.0 parts by mass with respect to 100.0 parts by mass of a content of the photopolymerization initiator a, and a ratio of a maximum absorbance to a minimum absorbance of a coloring cured film obtained by curing the coloring composition at a wavelength of 400 to 700 nm is 1.0 to 2.5.

A coloring composition is a coloring composition including a black colorant, a polymerizable compound, and a photopolymerization initiator, in which the photopolymerization initiator includes a photopolymerization initiator a in which a light absorption coefficient at 365 nm in methanol is more than 1.0×10.sup.2 mL/gcm and a photopolymerization initiator b in which a light absorption coefficient at 365 nm in methanol is 1.0×10.sup.2 mL/gcm or less and a light absorption coefficient at 254 nm is 1.0×10.sup.3 mL/gcm or more, a content of the photopolymerization initiator b is 45.0 to 200.0 parts by mass with respect to 100.0 parts by mass of a content of the photopolymerization initiator a, and a ratio of a maximum absorbance to a minimum absorbance of a coloring cured film obtained by curing the coloring composition at a wavelength of 400 to 700 nm is 1.0 to 2.5.

The present disclosure relates to a dual-cure phase-separation type photosensitive resin composition for continuous 3D printing with high precision, including an acrylate having a cross-linkable double bond, a polyurethane prepolymer, a chain extender, and a photoinitiator. The polyurethane prepolymer is produced by a reaction between an isocyanate and a polyether polyol with a molecular weight larger than or equal to 4000 under heating and catalytic action. The photosensitive resin composition of the present disclosure is used in the continuous 3D printing to make high precision parts.

The present disclosure relates to a dual-cure phase-separation type photosensitive resin composition for continuous 3D printing with high precision, including an acrylate having a cross-linkable double bond, a polyurethane prepolymer, a chain extender, and a photoinitiator. The polyurethane prepolymer is produced by a reaction between an isocyanate and a polyether polyol with a molecular weight larger than or equal to 4000 under heating and catalytic action. The photosensitive resin composition of the present disclosure is used in the continuous 3D printing to make high precision parts.

Latent photoinitiator compounds are described, as well as compositions containing such compounds and their uses in photoinitiated methods for producing photoresist structured.

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Provided are a photosensitive resin composition in which warping of a cured film after curing is decreased and lithographic properties in a case of forming a pattern are excellent, a cured film, a laminate, a method for producing a cured film, and a semiconductor device. The photosensitive resin composition includes a polyimide precursor including a repeating unit including a biphenyl structure and a photopolymerization initiator having an oxime structure capable of generating an aryl radical by being irradiated with light.

Provided are a photosensitive resin composition in which warping of a cured film after curing is decreased and lithographic properties in a case of forming a pattern are excellent, a cured film, a laminate, a method for producing a cured film, and a semiconductor device. The photosensitive resin composition includes a polyimide precursor including a repeating unit including a biphenyl structure and a photopolymerization initiator having an oxime structure capable of generating an aryl radical by being irradiated with light.

A photoinitiated polymerizable composition for 3D printing, the polymerizable composition comprising a nanogel component that comprises nanogel particles, wherein the nanogel particles comprise a copolymer with polymerizable reactive groups suitable for reacting with each other or a reactive diluent monomer, a reactive oligomer, a resin, or a combination thereof that is present in the polymerizable composition upon photoinitiation, wherein the nanogel component has a glass transition temperature that is in a range of about −50 C and about 20 C and an average molecular weight that is in a range of about 10 kg/mol and about 100 kg/mol, and wherein the nanoparticles have an average hydrodynamic radius that is in a range of 1 nm to about 5 nm.