An electrophotographic photosensitive member includes a conductive substrate and a photosensitive layer having a single-layer structure. The photosensitive layer contains a charge generating material, an electron transport material, a polycarbonate resin, and a hole transport material. The electron transport material includes a compound having a halogen atom and represented by general formula (1), (2), (3), (4), or (5). The polycarbonate resin has a terminal group having a fluoro group and represented by general formula (10). The hole transport material includes a compound represented by general formula (20), (21), (22), (23), (24), (25), (26), or (27). A charge of calcium carbonate as measured by charging the calcium carbonate through friction with the photosensitive layer is at least +6.5 C/g. The photosensitive layer has a Vickers hardness of at least 17.0 HV at 45 C. ##STR00001## ##STR00002## ##STR00003##

An electrophotographic photosensitive member includes a conductive substrate and a photosensitive layer having a single-layer structure. The photosensitive layer contains a charge generating material, an electron transport material, a polycarbonate resin, and a hole transport material. The electron transport material includes a compound having a halogen atom and represented by general formula (1), (2), (3), (4), or (5). The polycarbonate resin has a terminal group having a fluoro group and represented by general formula (10). The hole transport material includes a compound represented by general formula (20), (21), (22), (23), (24), (25), (26), or (27). A charge of calcium carbonate as measured by charging the calcium carbonate through friction with the photosensitive layer is at least +6.5 C/g. The photosensitive layer has a Vickers hardness of at least 17.0 HV at 45 C. ##STR00001## ##STR00002## ##STR00003##

There is provided an electrophotographic photosensitive member that can achieve both of an adequately high initial sensitivity as the electrophotographic photosensitive member and reduction in the fluctuation of a light portion potential at the time of repeated use. An electrophotographic photosensitive member includes a support, an electroconductive layer and a photosensitive layer in this order, wherein the electroconductive layer contains a binder material and a metal oxide particle; the metal oxide particle has a core material containing a titanium oxide, and a covering layer which covers the core material and contains the titanium oxide; and when the oxygen deficiency ratio of the metal oxide particle is represented by A, the oxygen deficiency ratio of the core material is represented by B, and the oxygen deficiency ratio of the covering layer is represented by C, the Expressions (1) and (2) are satisfied: A2% (1) and 10B<C (2).

There is provided an electrophotographic photosensitive member that can achieve both of an adequately high initial sensitivity as the electrophotographic photosensitive member and reduction in the fluctuation of a light portion potential at the time of repeated use. An electrophotographic photosensitive member includes a support, an electroconductive layer and a photosensitive layer in this order, wherein the electroconductive layer contains a binder material and a metal oxide particle; the metal oxide particle has a core material containing a titanium oxide, and a covering layer which covers the core material and contains the titanium oxide; and when the oxygen deficiency ratio of the metal oxide particle is represented by A, the oxygen deficiency ratio of the core material is represented by B, and the oxygen deficiency ratio of the covering layer is represented by C, the Expressions (1) and (2) are satisfied: A2% (1) and 10B<C (2).

Described herein is a method of producing a perovskite material on a substrate by LEP printing comprising: printing a composition comprising a salt AX and a resin in a carrier liquid; printing a composition comprising a salt selected from BX.sub.2 and in BX.sub.4 and a resin in a carrier liquid; and heat treating the printed compositions; or printing a composition comprising a material with a perovskite structure and a resin in a carrier liquid; wherein the resin comprises a copolymer of an alkylene monomer and a monomer having acidic side groups; and/or a copolymer of an alkylene monomer and an ethylenically unsaturated monomer comprising an epoxide; and/or a copolymer of an alkylene monomer, an ethylenically unsaturated monomer comprising an epoxide, and a monomer selected from a monomer having acidic side groups, a monomer having ester side groups and a mixture thereof. Also described is an ink set and a printed substrate.

Described herein is a method of producing a perovskite material on a substrate by LEP printing comprising: printing a composition comprising a salt AX and a resin in a carrier liquid; printing a composition comprising a salt selected from BX.sub.2 and in BX.sub.4 and a resin in a carrier liquid; and heat treating the printed compositions; or printing a composition comprising a material with a perovskite structure and a resin in a carrier liquid; wherein the resin comprises a copolymer of an alkylene monomer and a monomer having acidic side groups; and/or a copolymer of an alkylene monomer and an ethylenically unsaturated monomer comprising an epoxide; and/or a copolymer of an alkylene monomer, an ethylenically unsaturated monomer comprising an epoxide, and a monomer selected from a monomer having acidic side groups, a monomer having ester side groups and a mixture thereof. Also described is an ink set and a printed substrate.

The invention relates to a toner for development of electrostatic images excellent in fusing property on polypropylene films and excellent in rubfastness of printed images, and a resin composition for a toner for development of electrostatic images. The toner for development of electrostatic images and the resin composition for a toner for development of electrostatic images each contain an amorphous polyester-based resin A and a crystalline polyester-based resin C, wherein the amorphous polyester-based resin A has a constituent moiety derived from a polyester resin, and a constituent moiety derived from a reactive functional group-having modified polyolefin-based polymer A, the polyester resin-derived constituent moiety and the modified polyolefin-based polymer A-derived constituent moiety being bonded via a covalent bond, and the amount of the modified polyolefin-based polymer A-derived constituent moiety is 5% by mass or more and 30% by mass or less relative to the total amount of the resin component in the toner.

An electrophotographic photosensitive member includes a conductive substrate and a photosensitive layer of a single layer. The photosensitive layer contains a charge generating material, a hole transport material, an electron transport material, and a binder resin. An optical response time is at least 0.05 milliseconds and no greater than 0.85 milliseconds. The binder resin includes a polycarbonate resin including a repeating unit represented by general formula (1) shown below and a repeating unit represented by general formula (2) shown below.

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An image forming apparatus includes a photosensitive drum, first and second charging members, a development member, and first and second charging voltage applying units. The photosensitive drum includes a surface layer constituting a surface of the photosensitive drum. The second charging voltage applying unit applies a second charging voltage to the second charging member. The surface layer of the photosensitive drum has a volume resistivity of 1.0?109 ohm centimeters (?.Math.cm) or more and 1.0?1014 ?.Math.cm or less. The second charging voltage applying unit applies the second charging voltage such that a second potential difference formed between the second charging member and the surface of the photosensitive drum charged by the first charging member is equal to or higher than a discharge starting voltage.

In an electrophotographic photoreceptor, an electric charge generating layer and an electric charge transport layer are laminated on a conductive support body in this order, a layer configuring an outermost surface of the electrophotographic photoreceptor contains composite structure particles in which a core material is inorganic particles, and the inorganic particles are coated with tin oxide doped with aluminum, and an average particle diameter of primary particles of the composite structure particles is 50 nm to 200 nm.