A toner comprising: a toner particle that comprises a core particle comprising a binder resin, and a shell layer comprising a thermoplastic resin on a surface of the core particle; and organosilicon polymer particles on a surface of the toner particle, wherein a peak top molecular weight of the thermoplastic resin, according to measurement by gel permeation chromatography, is 30000 to 500000, a number-average primary particle diameter of the organosilicon polymer particles is 10 nm to 500 nm, and an absolute value of a difference (ΔSP) between an SP value (SP.sub.Si) of the organosilicon polymer particles and an SP value (SP.sub.Sh) of the thermoplastic resin present in the shell layer is not more than 2.30.

A charging member 2 that charges an image bearing member 1 has an electrically conductive support and an elastic layer in contact with the image bearing member 1. The elastic layer includes a semi-conductive rubber composition having a matrix-domain structure including a matrix and domains having electric conductivity. The matrix has a higher volume resistivity than the domain. The developer includes a toner having toner particles. The toner particles each have a surface layer including an organosilicon polymer. The organosilicon polymer has a structure represented by R—SiO.sub.3/2 (R is a hydrocarbon group having at least 1 and not more than 6 carbon atoms). The adhesion ratio of the organosilicon polymer on the surface of the toner particle is 90% or more.

A toner comprising an organosilicon polymer particle and a toner particle containing a binder resin and a wax, wherein the organosilicon polymer particle contains an organosilicon polymer, a part of silicon atoms in the organosilicon polymer has a T3 unit structure, a ratio of an area of peaks derived from silicon having the T3 unit structure relative to a total area of peaks derived from all silicon element contained in the organosilicon polymer particle is from 0.70 to 1.00 in .sup.29Si-NMR measurement of the organosilicon polymer particle, a plurality of domains of the wax are present in a cross-section of the toner particle, the wax is an ester wax, the average long diameter of the domains of the ester wax is from 0.03 μm to 2.00 μm, and the SP value SPw of the wax is from 8.59 to 9.01.

A toner comprising: a toner particle containing a binder resin; and an external additive, wherein the external additive comprises an external additive A and B; the external additive A has a number-average primary particle diameter of 35 to 300 nm, a dielectric constant ε.sub.ra of not more than 3.50, and a shape factor SF-1 of not more than 114, and is an organosilicon polymer particle having a particular T3 unit structure; a proportion for an area of a peak originating from silicon having the T3 unit structure with reference to that of all silicon elements is 0.50 to 1.00; the external additive B has a number-average primary particle diameter of from 5 nm to 25 nm and a dielectric constant ε.sub.rb that satisfies formula (A): 0.50≤ε.sub.rb−ε.sub.ra (A); and a coverage ratio by the external additive B for the toner particle surface is 50% to 100%.

A process cartridge is provided, which is configured to recover, with a developing member, developer remaining on an image bearing member after transfer of a developer image to a transfer receiving member, wherein a charging member has a shaft that is conductive and an elastic layer supported on the shaft and being in contact with the image bearing member; the elastic layer has a matrix containing a first rubber, and a plurality of domains containing a second rubber and an electron-conductive agent and interspersed within the matrix. The electric resistance of the domains is lower than the electric resistance of the matrix. The matrix is exposed on an outer surface of the elastic layer and forms multiple depressed portions, and the domains include a domains exposed at a bottom section of the depressed portion.

A toner is provided. The toner comprises colored particles and external additives present on surfaces of the colored particles. The colored particles each comprise a core and a shell layer. The core contains a crystalline resin, a non-crystalline resin, and a colorant. The shell layer contains a resin and has a thickness of from 30 to 130 nm. The external additives comprise a metal oxide and a silicon compound. An electronegativity X(A) of the metal oxide and an electronegativity X(Si) of the silicon compound satisfy a relation 0.5X(A)/X(Si)0.8. A proportion of an amount of the metal oxide directly adhered to the surfaces of the colored particles to a total amount of the metal oxide present on the colored particles is from 60% to 90% by mass.

A toner comprising a toner particle that contains a binder resin and a wax, wherein the toner particle contains an organosilicon polymer as given by formula (1) below;

R.sup.1-SiO.sub.3/2 (1),

in formula (1),R.sup.1 is an alkyl group having from 1 to 4 carbons; in a cross section of the toner particle observed using a transmission electron microscope, in terms of a distance A from the centroid of the cross section of the toner particle to a contour of the cross section, the organosilicon polymer is present in a region that is not more than 80% of the distance A from the centroid; and an absolute value of a difference between an SP value of the organosilicon polymer and an SP value of the wax is not more than 0.70 (cal/cm.sup.3).sup.1/2.

Provided is a toner containing a toner particle comprising a binder resin and an organosilicon polymer, wherein the organosilicon polymer contains an organosilicon polymer particle, the organosilicon polymer particle has a structure represented by the following formula (1):

R.sup.1SiO.sub.3/2 (1)

in formula (1), R.sup.1 is a C.sub.1-4 alkyl group, and in cross-sectional observation of the toner particle by transmission electron microscopy, the organosilicon polymer particle is present in a region extending up to 80% of the distance A from the centroid out of the total distance A from the centroid of the toner particle cross-section to the contour of the cross-section, and the particle diameter of the organosilicon polymer particle is from 10 nm to 200 nm.

A toner containing a toner particle, wherein, when a dielectric loss tangent measured at a frequency of 10 kHz in an impedance measurement on the toner in an environment having a temperature of 50 C. and a relative humidity of 50% RH is designated by tan 50 C.(1), and a dielectric loss tangent measured at a frequency of 10 kHz in an impedance measurement on the toner in an environment having a temperature of 30 C. and a relative humidity of 50% RH after the impedance measurement on the toner in an environment having a temperature of 50 C. and a relative humidity of 50% RH is designated by tan 30 C.(2), tan 50 C.(1) is from 0.015 to 0.050, the relationship tan 50 C.(1)>tan 30 C.(2) is satisfied, and tan 30 C.(2)/tan 50 C.(1) is from 0.25 to 0.66.

A toner comprising a toner particle, wherein the toner particle includes a binder resin, where a volume resistivity .Math.cm of an unfixed solid image on a recording material on which the solid image has been formed using the toner at a toner laid-on level of 0.4 mg/cm.sup.2 is denoted by Tv, and a volume resistivity .Math.cm of the solid image after fixing by applying heat and pressure to the recording material is denoted by Fv, Tv/Fv8 is satisfied.