A toner is comprised of toner particles and external additive adhering to the surface of the toner particles. The toner particles are formed from a binder resin, an ester wax, and a colorant. The external additive comprises a titanium oxide and silica. A first adhesive strength between the external additive and the toner base particles is in a range of 90 to 100% when measured as a ratio of X-ray spectroscopic intensity of titanium for toner particles before and after a washing process, and a second adhesive strength between the external additive and the toner base particles is in a range of 50 to 80% when measured as a ratio of X-ray spectroscopic intensity of silicon measured for toner before and after another washing process.

A coating layer application device (200) for applying a coating layer, which is located on a transfer element, to a substrate, the coating layer (206) being formed from a coating material, in particular a thermosetting coating material, the coating layer (206) being curable and comprising an amorphous material, the coating layer application device comprising: a heating device (214, 220) being configured so as to (i) maintain the temperature of the coating layer (206) within a temperature range before removal of N the transfer element (204) from the coating layer (206), wherein within the temperature range the uncured coating material is in its supercooled liquid state; and/or (ii) partially cure the coating layer (206) during a contact of the coating layer (206) and the substrate (210) and before removal of the transfer element (204) from the coating layer, in particular by increasing the temperature of the coating layer (206) to a temperature at or above a curing temperature of the coating layer (206).

A toner particle comprising: a binder resin; a colorant; and a wax, wherein the binder resin comprises: a first amorphous polyester resin having a pendant group; a second amorphous polyester resin having no pendant group; and a crystalline polyester resin, and wherein a difference between a Solubility Parameter (SP) value of the first amorphous polyester resin and an SP value of the second amorphous polyester resin is 0.3 or more.

A metal compound includes a metal and at least two aromatic hydroxycarboxylic acid structures. Each aromatic hydroxycarboxylic acid structure includes an aromatic moiety having a hydroxyl substituent and a carboxylic acid substituent, which cooperatively bond the aromatic moiety to the metal via at least one of ionic bond, covalent bond and coordinate bond. Each aromatic hydroxycarboxylic acid structure is bonded to a polymer segment.

An electrostatic charge image developing toner contains toner particles that contain a binder resin, in which each of a loss modulus G″5 (150) of the electrostatic charge image developing toner determined by measuring dynamic viscoelasticity of the electrostatic charge image developing toner at a temperature of 150° C. and a strain of 5% and a loss modulus G″50 (180) of the electrostatic charge image developing toner determined by measuring dynamic viscoelasticity of the electrostatic charge image developing toner at a temperature of 180° C. and a strain of 50% is 1×10.sup.3 Pa or more and 1×10.sup.4 Pa or less, and a relationship between a loss modulus G″5 (t1) of the electrostatic charge image developing toner at a first temperature t1 in a temperature range of 150° C. or higher and 180° C. or lower and a strain of 5% and a loss modulus G″50 (t2) of the electrostatic charge image developing toner at a second temperature t2 higher than the first temperature t1 in the temperature range of 150° C. or higher and 180° C. or lower and a strain of 50% satisfies the following Formula (1) in a case of a temperature difference (t2−t1) between the first temperature t1 and the second temperature t2 is 15° C. or higher.

1<G″5(t1)/G″50(t2)<3.0  Formula (1)

An electrostatic charge image developing toner contains toner particles that contain a binder resin, in which in a case where G′1 (90) represents a storage modulus G′ of the electrostatic charge image developing toner determined by measuring dynamic viscoelasticity of the electrostatic charge image developing toner at a temperature of 90° C. and a strain of 1%, G′50 (90) represents a storage modulus G′ of the electrostatic charge image developing toner determined by measuring dynamic viscoelasticity of the electrostatic charge image developing toner at a temperature of 90° C. and a strain of 50%, and G′50 (180) represents a storage modulus G′ of the electrostatic charge image developing toner determined by measuring dynamic viscoelasticity of the electrostatic charge image developing toner at a temperature of 180° C. and a strain of 50%, the electrostatic charge image developing toner satisfies the following Formulas (1) to (4).

G′1(90)<1×10.sup.5  Formula (1)

1×10.sup.3<G′50(180)  Formula (2)

1<G′50(90)/G′50(180)<30  Formula (3)

1<G′1(90)/G′50(90)<10  Formula (4)

An electrostatic charge image developing toner includes a toner particle containing a binder resin, a release agent, a divalent metal, and a trivalent metal, in which the release agent has a domain diameter of 0.5 μm or greater and 1.5 μm or less.

A pressure sensitive toner includes toner particles containing a composite resin that includes a styrene-based resin and a (meth)acrylate-based resin. The difference between a lowest glass transition temperature of the composite resin and a highest glass transition temperature thereof is 30° C. or more, and the toner particles have a gel fraction of from 1.0% by mass to 8.0% by mass inclusive.

A toner for electrostatic charge image development has toner particles containing a binder resin including 90 mass % or more of an amorphous resin. In a differential molecular weight distribution curve of tetrahydrofuran soluble matter as measured by gel permeation chromatography, the toner has a maximum peak Ma in a molecular weight range of 2,500 or more and 8,000 or less, a minimum value Mm in a molecular weight range of more than 8,000 and less than 280,000, and a maximum peak Mb in a molecular weight range of 280,000 or more and 900,000 or less. When the area of the differential molecular weight distribution curve in a range of a molecular weight of 100 or more and less than the minimum value Mm is defined as A, and the area of the differential molecular weight distribution curve in a range of the minimum value Mm or more and a molecular weight of 10,000,000 or less is defined as B, the area ratio A/B is 5.5 or more and 10 or less.

The toner is characterized in that, wherein the binder resin is a resin satisfying at least one of the following specification (A) or (B): (A) the binder resin contains a crystalline resin having a unit (a) represented by the following formula (1) and a resin having a sulfide structure; and (B) the binder resin contains a crystalline resin having the sulfide structure and having the unit (a) represented by the following formula (1):

##STR00001##

wherein the colorant is any colorant selected from the specific group consisting of: carbon black and so on, wherein when the toner is subjected to measurement with a differential scanning calorimeter, a peak temperature of a maximum endothermic peak is present in a range of from 50° C. or more to 70° C. or less, and wherein the maximum endothermic peak has an endothermic quantity of 30 J/g or more and 70 J/g or less.