A process cartridge is provided, which is configured to recover, with a developing member, developer remaining on an image bearing member after transfer of a developer image to a transfer receiving member, wherein a charging member has a shaft that is conductive and an elastic layer supported on the shaft and being in contact with the image bearing member; the elastic layer has a matrix containing a first rubber, and a plurality of domains containing a second rubber and an electron-conductive agent and interspersed within the matrix. The electric resistance of the domains is lower than the electric resistance of the matrix. The matrix is exposed on an outer surface of the elastic layer and forms multiple depressed portions, and the domains include a domains exposed at a bottom section of the depressed portion.

A toner is provided. The toner comprises colored particles and external additives present on surfaces of the colored particles. The colored particles each comprise a core and a shell layer. The core contains a crystalline resin, a non-crystalline resin, and a colorant. The shell layer contains a resin and has a thickness of from 30 to 130 nm. The external additives comprise a metal oxide and a silicon compound. An electronegativity X(A) of the metal oxide and an electronegativity X(Si) of the silicon compound satisfy a relation 0.5X(A)/X(Si)0.8. A proportion of an amount of the metal oxide directly adhered to the surfaces of the colored particles to a total amount of the metal oxide present on the colored particles is from 60% to 90% by mass.

A toner comprising a toner particle and a silica fine particle A on a surface of the toner particle, wherein: a weight-average particle diameter of the toner is 4.0 to 15.0 m; the silica fine particle A comprises a silicone oil and a carbon loss ratio when the silica fine particle A is washed with hexane is 5 to 70%; and an area of each peak obtained in a solid-state CP/MAS .sup.29Si-NMR measurement of the silica fine particle A and of the silica fine particle A after washing thereof with hexane is in a specific range.

A toner for electrostatic image development includes: toner particles; Si-doped strontium titanate particles; and silica particles. The particle diameter D of at least one peak in a number-based particle size distribution of primary particles of the silica particles is larger than the number-based median diameter D.sub.50 of primary particles of the Si-doped strontium titanate particles.

A toner comprising a toner particle, wherein the toner has G1 of from 5.010.sup.13 to 1.010.sup.10, and a ratio G2/G1 of G2 to G1 is from 0.10 to 0.60, when a conductivity of the toner measured at a frequency of 0.01 Hz under a pressure of 1,000 kPa is designated by G1 in S/m, and a conductivity of the toner measured at a frequency of 0.01 Hz under a pressure of 100 kPa is designated by G2 in S/m.

Provided is a process cartridge detachably attachable to a main body of an electrophotographic apparatus, the process cartridge including: a developing unit including a toner; and an electrophotographic photosensitive member, wherein the toner includes a toner particle, the toner particle has a surface containing a polyvalent acid metal salt particle, and a surface layer of the electrophotographic photosensitive member contains at least one metal oxide particle among an aluminum oxide particle, a silicon dioxide particle, and a tin oxide particle.

A toner including a toner particle, wherein the toner particle includes a toner base particle containing a binder resin, and a shell on the surface of the toner base particle; the shell contains a metal compound and an organosilicon polymer; the shell has at least an exposed portion of the metal compound and an exposed portion of the organosilicon polymer, on the surface of the toner particle; and in an analysis of a cross section of the toner particle by TEM-EDX, Ha (nm) and Hb (nm) which are average distances from the interface of the toner base particle and the shell up to the toner particle surface at the exposed portion of the metal compound and at the exposed portion of the organosilicon polymer, respectively, on the toner particle surface, satisfy Expression (1) below:

A method to make a chemically prepared crystalline polyester toner for use in electrophotography and more particularly to a method to make a multilayered crystalline polyester toner particle using a dual emulsion aggregation process. The dual emulsion aggregation process includes a first agglomeration step using an acid and a second agglomeration step using a soluble alkaline earth metal salt solution.

Provided is a toner including inorganic particles, wherein the inorganic particles include silica and at least one selected from the group consisting of boehmite and pseudoboehmite.

A toner having a toner particle having a plurality of fine particles on the surface of a toner base particle, the toner base particle contains a binder resin, wherein a fine particle layer A constituted of a plurality of the fine particles is observed in an EDX mapping image of the constituent elements in a cross section of the toner particle as provided by EDX of the toner particle cross section observed using TEM; a fine particle B, containing a metal compound containing at least one metal element M selected from all the metal elements belonging to Groups 3 to 13, is observed in the fine particle layer A; and the number-average particle diameter D of the fine particle B, the average value H of the thickness of the fine particle layer A, and the standard deviation S on the thickness of the fine particle layer A satisfy prescribed relationships.