An aerosol-generating system is provided, including: an aerosol-generating device including a power source; and a cartridge removably coupled to the aerosol-generating device, the cartridge including: a liquid storage portion including a housing having an open end and containing a liquid aerosol-forming substrate, a heater assembly at the open end of the housing and including a planar electrical heating element to heat the liquid aerosol-forming substrate to form an aerosol, and a capillary material in contact with the planar electrical heating element and being configured to convey the liquid aerosol-forming substrate to the planar electrical heating element, the liquid storage portion being at a first side of the heater assembly and an airflow channel being at a second side of the heater assembly, and the power source of the aerosol-generating device is to supply power to the heater assembly.

Described is a method for regulating the temperature of a glow plug of an internal combustion engine, wherein a target resistance is determined from a target temperature by means of a resistance temperature characteristic of the glow plug and the actual resistance of the glow plug is regulated to the target resistance, the glow plug is heated to determine the resistance temperature characteristic of the glow plug, and thereby determining a resistance gradient and an electrical resistance of the glow plug is measured before the heating or at a defined time during the heating, using both the measured resistance and the resistance gradient, the resistance temperature characteristic is determined.

A power supply unit for an aerosol inhaler includes: a first element connected in series to a load and having a first electric resistance value; a second series circuit including a second element having a second electric resistance value and a third element connected in series to the second element and having a third electric resistance value, and connected in parallel with a first series circuit including the load and the first element; and an operational amplifier in which one of a non-inverting input terminal and an inverting input terminal is connected to the first series circuit, and the other of the non-inverting input terminal and the inverting input terminal is connected to the second series circuit. Each of the first to third electric resistance values is larger than the electric resistance value of the load at a normal temperature or a temperature in a predetermined temperature range.

A cartridge for use in an aerosol-generating system is provided, including a liquid storage portion including a housing configured to hold a liquid aerosol-forming substrate, the liquid storage portion including at least two parts in fluid communication with each other; a first part of the liquid storage portion including a heater assembly, a first capillary material, provided in contact with the heater assembly, and a second capillary material in contact with the first capillary material and spaced apart from the heater assembly by the first capillary material; and a second part of the liquid storage portion including a container configured to hold the liquid aerosol-forming substrate in liquid form to supply the liquid to the second capillary material.

A liquid heating appliance for making a beverage, the liquid heating appliance comprising: a plurality of heating components for heating a liquid, where at least a first of the plurality of heating components is powered using mains power, a power management system, wherein the power management system comprises: a controller, and an energy storage device, wherein the controller is arranged to: control an amount of the mains power applied to the first of the plurality of heating components, control an amount of stored power from the energy storage device to be applied to at least a second of the plurality of heating components, and switch polarity of the voltage of the stored power from the energy storage device to be applied to the second of the plurality of heating components after one or more heating cycles associated with the second of the plurality of heating components.

An aerosol-generating system is provided, including: an aerosol-generating device including a power source; and a cartridge removably coupled to the device, the cartridge including a liquid storage portion including a housing having an open end and containing a liquid aerosol-forming substrate, a substantially flat heater assembly fixed to the open end of the housing and including an electrical heating element arranged in a curved manner and configured to heat the substrate to form an aerosol, and a capillary material disposed in contact with the heating element and being configured to convey the substrate to the heating element, the liquid storage portion being disposed at a first side of the assembly and an airflow channel at a second side of the assembly, the airflow channel defining an airflow path over the assembly and configured to convey the aerosol, and the power source being configured to supply power to the assembly.

An apparatus for heating a substrate includes: a stage including at least one resistance heater that heats the substrate placed thereon; a temperature detector for detecting a heating temperature of the substrate; a temperature calculator for calculating the heating temperature based on a resistance value of the at least one resistance heater; a power controller for performing a power control with respect to a first power to be supplied to the at least one resistance heater such that the heating temperature becomes close to a first preset temperature by switchably applying a phase control and a zero-cross control; and a controller for switching the power control of the power controller to the phase control or the zero-cross control.

A substrate processing apparatus includes an AD converter configured to output digital values of a voltage applied to a heater resistor and a current flowing in the heater resistor; and a controller configured to control a temperature of the heater resistor by using a calculation voltage and a calculation current configured to calculate a resistance value of the heater resistor, which are obtained from an output result of the AD converter. The controller calculates at least one of the calculation voltage or the calculation current, based on a combination result of a digital signal obtained from the output result of the AD converter and a noise signal including a normal distribution noise.

An electronic cigarette control method is provided, including: S1, obtaining a resistance value of a heating element when a starting unit is triggered for the first time by a resistance detection unit, storing the resistance value as an initial resistance value; S2, obtaining a target temperature of the heating element, to obtain a target resistance value according to the initial resistance value; S3, obtaining a first real-time resistance value corresponding to a first preset time of each trigger, to calculate a resistance value change in the first preset time, confirming whether the resistance value change is larger than a first preset value; if yes, turning off an input power of the heating element; if no, executing step S4; S4, obtaining a real-time resistance value according to a preset rule through the resistance detection unit, to control the input power to ensure the real-time resistance value is the target resistance value.

A fluid permeable healer assembly for aerosol-generating systems comprises a substrate (1) comprising an opening (100) through the substrate, an electrically conductive substantially flat filament arrangement (2) arranged over the opening, and clamping means (3) mechanically fixing the filament arrangement to the substrate. The clamping means are electrically conductive and serve as electrical contacts for providing a heating current through the filament arrangement. The invention also relates to a method for assembling a fluid permeable heater.