A hologram detection method according to an aspect of the disclosure, includes: inputting a first image, obtained by capturing a detection object on the basis of first flash intensity, to a neural network model to obtain a first detection result value representing the detection or not of a hologram for each of predetermined at least one detection unit regions; and comparing a threshold value with the first detection result value obtained for each detection unit region to determine the detection or not of a hologram in the first image and a first detection unit region where a hologram is detected.

The invention relates to a data carrier comprising a storage layer forming a plurality of first surface elements (6). The storage layer (2) has at least one optical characteristic, which is optically anisotropic and which varies spatially between the first surface elements (6). A cover layer (3) over the storage layer (2) forms a plurality of second surface elements (10), each acting as a polarisation filter for a predetermined polarisation direction. The predetermined polarisation direction varies between the second surface elements (10). The storage layer can contain in particular bacteriorhodop sin in the form of a purple membrane. The invention also relates to a method for the production and reading of a data carrier of this type.

A retroreflective element, for example a retroreflector or a retroreflective film, includes a regular arrangement of multiple reflective triples, each having three side surfaces that form an angle between 88° and 92°, preferably between 89° 50′ and 90° 10′ relative to one another, and particularly preferably stand perpendicularly on one another. At least one selected triple in the arrangement has a security element having at least one diffractive structure on at least one first side surface. A modulation depth of the security element is selected in such a manner that the security element cannot be perceived when the retroreflective element is illuminated at an illumination angle <10°.

Disclosed is a substrate with a marking thereon. A part of the substrate has a two-dimensional structure attached thereto, and a part of the marking is present on the structure and the other part of the marking is present on the substrate itself.

An electronic device includes an encoder and a display device. The encoder receives data and generates at least one code including an angular profile of the data. The display device is coupled to the encoder and configured to receive the at least one code from the encoder and to display the at least one code according to the angular profile.

Composite cards formed include a security layer comprising a hologram or diffraction grating formed at, or in, the center, or core layer, of the card. The hologram may be formed by embossing a designated area of the core layer with a diffraction pattern and depositing a thin layer of metal on the embossed layer. Additional layers may be selectively and symmetrically attached to the top and bottom surfaces of the core layer. A laser may be used to remove selected portions of the metal formed on the embossed layer, at selected stages of forming the card, to impart a selected pattern or information to the holographic region. The cards may be ‘lasered’ when the cards being processed are attached to, and part of, a large sheet of material, whereby the “lasering” of all the cards on the sheet can be done at the same time and relatively inexpensively.

A data carrier having one optically variable element, at least one background element, which is arranged after the at least one optically variable element when seen along an extension direction, and at least one security element, which is constituted by at least a part of the at least one optically variable element and at least a part of the at least one background element. At least one tamper-indicating element is provided, which is arranged at least in a region between the at least one optically variable element and the at least one background element with respect to the extension direction. The tamper-indicating element is configured such, that the at least one optically variable element and the at least one background element at least in a region of the at least one security element are at least partially separable from one another upon an application of force onto the at least one optically variable element along a first pulling direction running opposite to the extension direction and/or upon an application of force onto the at least one background element along a second pulling direction running along the extension direction, whereby the at least one security element is at least partially separated into two or more parts.

An optical assembly includes a spacer layer which is translucent or transparent; an image forming reflector which has a reflective layer being formed at least in a first region of the spacer layer; and a protective layer which is laminated over the spacer layer and the image forming reflector and the protective layer being translucent or transparent. The spacer layer is made of a polyolefin or/and a polymer containing an aryl group. The image forming reflector includes a visible image which is authenticatable. The image forming reflector has an individual information record in which a code is stored in the form of a plurality of removed linear segments. The image forming reflector has white level regions and a black level region in planar view. Each of the white level regions has the removed linear segments formed therein. The black level region is interposed between the white level regions.

An optically variable security element is provided for securing valuable articles, whose areal expanse defines a z-axis perpendicular thereto, having a reflective areal region that displays at least two appearances that are perceptible from different viewing directions. The reflective areal region includes two relief structures arranged at different height levels in the z-direction and form a lower-lying and a higher-lying relief structure, each of which is furnished with a reflection-increasing coating that follows the course of the relief. The higher-lying relief structure displays a first optically variable effect in a first color, and the lower-lying relief structure is visible through the higher-lying reflection-increasing coating itself, or through grid spaces or gaps in the higher-lying reflection-increasing coating and displays a second optically variable effect in a second, different color. The security element is furnished in an interior layer provided contiguously or in some regions, with at least one machine-readable feature substance.

An optical assembly includes a spacer layer which is translucent or transparent; an image forming reflector which has a reflective layer being formed at least in a first region of the spacer layer; and a protective layer which is laminated over the spacer layer and the image forming reflector and the protective layer being translucent or transparent. The spacer layer is made of a polyolefin or/and a polymer containing an aryl group. The image forming reflector includes a visible image which is authenticatable. The image forming reflector has an individual information record in which a code is stored in the form of a plurality of removed linear segments. The image forming reflector has white level regions and a black level region in planar view. Each of the white level regions has the removed linear segments formed therein. The black level region is interposed between the white level regions.