In one aspect, the present disclosure relates to a method for excluding a subject from the need for diagnostic testing for Parkinson's disease (PD). In another aspect, the present disclosure relates to a method for excluding a subject from recruitment into a clinical study for an investigational PD medication. In yet another aspect, the present disclosure relates to a method for screening a subject to determine whether the subject is ruled out as having PD, wherein the subjects who cannot be ruled out are administered a diagnostic test for PD, a treatment for PD, or a combination thereof.

According to the present disclosure, a method for detecting an analyte using surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) is provided. The method comprises (a) contacting one or more analyte-binding molecules with the analyte under conditions that allow binding of the analyte to the one or more analyte-binding molecules to form a first mixture, wherein the analyte is preferably haptogloblin and the analyte-binding molecule may comprise haemoglobin or is a haptogloblin antibody, (b) contacting a liquid reagent comprising a peroxidase substrate and a peroxide source with the first mixture to form a second mixture, while maintaining pH of the second mixture at 10 or less, (c) quenching the second mixture to form a third mixture, (d) optionally contacting the third mixture with a SERS-active substrate, and (e) detecting a surface enhanced Raman signal from the third mixture and/or a surface of the SERS-active substrate.

The disclosure provides a reversal group of biomarkers comprising a reversal pair and a reversal triplet, wherein the reversal pair and reversal triplet exhibit a change in reversal value between pregnant females at risk for pre-term birth and term controls. Also provided is a method of determining probability for preterm birth in a pregnant female, the method comprising measuring in a biological sample obtained from the pregnant female, a reversal value for a reversal pair and a reversal triplet to determining the probability of preterm birth in the pregnant female.

The disclosure provides a pair of isolated biomarkers selected from the group consisting of IBP4/SHBG, IBP4/PSG3, IBP4/LYAM1, IBP4/IGF2, CLUS/IBP3, CLUS/IGF2, CLUS/LYAM1, INHBC/PSG3, INHBC/IGF2, PSG2/LYAM1, PSG2/IGF2, PSG2/LYAM1, PEDF/PSG3, PEDF/SHBG, PEDF/LYAM1, CD14/LYAM1, and APOC3/LYAM1, wherein the pair of biomarkers exhibits a change in reversal value between pregnant females at risk for pre-term birth and term controls. Also provided is a method of determining probability for preterm birth in a pregnant female, the method comprising measuring in a biological sample obtained from the pregnant female a reversal value for at least one pair of biomarkers selected from the group consisting of IBP4/SHBG, IBP4/PSG3, IBP4/LYAM1, IBP4/IGF2, CLUS/IBP3, CLUS/IGF2, CLUS/LYAM1, INHBC/PSG3, INHBC/IGF2, PSG2/LYAM1, PSG2/IGF2, PSG2/LYAM1, PEDF/PSG3, PEDF/SHBG, PEDF/LYAM1, CD14/LYAM1, and APOC3/LYAM1 to determine the probability for preterm birth in the pregnant female.

Disclosed herein is a use of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and fibronectin as markers for distinguishing between neuromyelitis optica (NMO) and multiple sclerosis (MS). The biomarker composition of the present disclosure for distinguishing between NMO and MS enables early diagnosis of NMO or MS which are difficult to be differentiated from each other at an early stage and appropriate treatment to be applied, and can be utilized in the study of NMO and MS through proteome analysis of cerebrospinal fluid exosomes in patients.

A measurement method includes a measurement step of measuring a first single value and a second signal value, the first signal value being based on a reaction between a first reacting substance and the sample, the second signal value being based on a reaction between a second reacting substance and the sample, the first reacting substance having a higher reactivity to a second detection target than to a first detection target, the second reacting substance having a higher reactivity to the first detection target than to the second detection target.

The present invention relates to methods and apparatuses for monitoring the state of health of dairy cows, in particular of entire dairy herds. The method is based on analysing the haptoglobin (HP) biomarker and part of the polymeric immunoglobulin receptor (PIGR), the secretory component (Secretory Component, SC), in a milk sample. In particular, the claimed method and apparatus of the invention make it possible to diagnose mastitis or systemic diseases which occur outside the udder on the basis of the protein biomarker described here. The invention therefore makes it possible to regularly monitor the general state of health of a dairy herd. The present invention relates to non-invasive diagnostic methods and to apparatuses and diagnostic kits for carrying out these methods.

The invention relates to the affinity plate for haptoglobin phenotype determination, the kit comprising it, and the method of haptoglobin phenotype determination by detection of its a subunits by means of mass spectrometry desorption ionization techniques after preceding preconcentration of haptoglobin on the surface of the affinity plate with immobilized anti-haptoglobin antibody that was deposited onto this surface from gas phase after preceding electrospray ionization and heat desolvation. Then the signals of mass spectra corresponding to 1 and/or 2 subunits can be found and thus determined the haptoglobin phenotype, whereas only al subunit exists in phenotype 1-1, both the subunits a1 and 2 exist in phenotype 2-1, and only 2 subunit exists in phenotype

The fructosyl amino acid oxidase (FPOX-CE) of other species, wild-type fructosyl amino acid oxidase (PnFPOX), and the recombinant proteins (PnFPOX-SS, PnFPOX-DS, and PnFPOX-TS) were respectively dissolved in a 100 mM potassium phosphate buffer (pH value of 8.0) to achieve a concentration of 0.05 mg/ml, and after a heat treatment at 25 C. to 60 C. for 10 minutes, the oxidase activities of the above-mentioned fructosyl amino acid oxidases and recombinant proteins were measured. At the same time, thermal stability (%) was calculated based on the following formula:

thermal stability=(value of oxidase activity after heat treatment)/(value of oxidase activity without heat treatment)100%.

Methods and systems for detecting allergens using mass spectrometry are provided herein. In some aspects, a sample can be screened for the presence or quantity of ovalbumin, lysozyme, casein (isoform S1 and S2), lactoglobulin, high and low glutens, wheat, rye, oats, barley, mustard, sesame, and various types of nuts including macadamia, pistachio, brazil, walnuts, peanuts and hazelnuts by detecting one or more peptides specific to the allergen of interest using selected MRM transitions.