An electrophotographic photoreceptor includes a conductive base body and a multilayered photosensitive layer disposed on the conductive base body and including a charge generation layer and a charge transport layer, wherein the charge transport layer is an uppermost surface layer and contains a charge transport material, a polyester resin, and a compound (T) represented by Formula (T) below, the polyester resin includes a polyester resin (1) including at least one selected from the group consisting of a diol unit (P1) represented by Formula (P1), a diol unit (P2) represented by Formula (P2), a diol unit (P3) represented by Formula (P3), a diol unit (P5) represented by Formula (P5), and a diol unit (P6) represented by Formula (P6), the polyester resin (1) further includes a unit including a biphenyl skeleton, and end groups of the polyester resin (1) do not include fluorine atoms. ##STR00001##

The image forming apparatus includes a photosensitive member configured to bear a toner image, the photosensitive member having a surface layer containing acrylic resin, and an intermediate transfer member configured to secondarily transfer the toner image having been primarily transferred from the photosensitive member onto a transfer material, the intermediate transfer member having a surface layer containing acrylic resin and having a ten-point average roughness Rz set within a range of 0.35 mRz1.5 m.

An image forming method includes forming an image with a toner using a photoconductor in which an intermediate layer and a photosensitive layer including a charge generating layer and a charge transport layer are formed overlying an electroconductive substrate, wherein the ionization potential of the surface of the photoconductor and the ionization potential of the surface of the toner satisfy the following relations 1 and 2,

|Ip(the surface of the photoconductor)Ip(the surface of the toner)|0.18 (eV) Relation 1

5.45 (eV)Ip(the surface of the photoconductor)5.53 (eV) Relation 2 where Ip (the surface of the photoconductor) represents the ionization potential of the surface of the photoconductor and Ip (the surface of the toner) represents the ionization potential of the surface of the toner.

An image forming apparatus includes an electrophotographic photoreceptor that includes a conductive substrate and a photosensitive layer disposed on the conductive substrate, and does not contain lubricant particles in a region of 30% from a surface of an outermost surface layer with respect to a film thickness of the outermost surface layer or contains 5% by mass or less of the lubricant particles with respect to an entirety of the region, a charging device that charges a surface of the electrophotographic photoreceptor, an electrostatic latent image forming device that forms an electrostatic latent image on the charged surface of the electrophotographic photoreceptor, a developing device that develops the electrostatic latent image formed on the surface of the electrophotographic photoreceptor with a developer containing an electrostatic charge image developing toner to form a toner image, a transfer device that transfers the toner image to a surface of a recording medium, and a cleaning device that has a cleaning blade and cleans the surface of the electrophotographic photoreceptor by bringing the cleaning blade into contact with the surface after the toner image is transferred by the transfer device, in which a dynamic friction coefficient in a contact portion between the electrophotographic photoreceptor and the cleaning blade is 0.2 or greater and 0.6 or less.

Provided is an electro-conductive belt including an electro-conductive resin layer. The electro-conductive resin layer includes a matrix containing a thermoplastic resin having at least one bond selected from the group consisting of an amide bond, an ester bond and a carbonate bond, a domain containing an ionic liquid containing a hexafluorophosphate anion or an anion expressed by formula (1), and particles containing a silicone resin having a structure expressed by formula (2): R.sub.0SiO.sub.3/2. Formula (1) ##STR00001##

An electrophotographic photoreceptor includes a conductive substrate, an undercoat layer disposed on the conductive substrate, and a photosensitive layer disposed on the undercoat layer, in which the undercoat layer contains a binder resin and at least one perinone compound selected from the group consisting of a compound represented by Formula (1) and a compound represented by Formula (2), the photosensitive layer contains a polyester resin (1) having at least one dicarboxylic acid unit (A) selected from the group consisting of a dicarboxylic acid unit (A2) represented by Formula (A2), a dicarboxylic acid unit (A3) represented by Formula (A3), and a dicarboxylic acid unit (A4) represented by Formula (A4), and a diol unit (B) represented by Formula (B), and a mass proportion of the polyester resin (1) in the photosensitive layer is 15% by mass or greater,

##STR00001## in Formula (1), R.sup.11, R.sup.12, R.sup.13, R.sup.14, R.sup.15, R.sup.16, R.sup.17, and R.sup.18 each independently represent a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group, an alkoxy group, an aralkyl group, an aryl group, an aryloxy group, an alkoxycarbonyl group, an aryloxycarbonyl group, an alkoxycarbonylalkyl group, an aryloxycarbonylalkyl group, or a halogen atom, R.sup.11 and R.sup.12, R.sup.12 and R.sup.13, and R.sup.13 and R.sup.14 may be each independently linked to each other to form a ring, and R.sup.15 and R.sup.16, R.sup.16 and R.sup.17, and R.sup.17 and R.sup.18 may be each independently linked to each other to form a ring, in Formula (2), R.sup.21, R.sup.22, R.sup.23, R.sup.24, R.sup.25, R.sup.26, R.sup.27, and R.sup.28 each independently represent a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group, an alkoxy group, an aralkyl group, an aryl group, an aryloxy group, an alkoxycarbonyl group, an aryloxycarbonyl group, an alkoxycarbonylalkyl group, an aryloxycarbonylalkyl group, or a halogen atom, R.sup.21 and R.sup.22, R.sup.22 and R.sup.23, and R.sup.23 and R.sup.24 may be each independently linked to each other to form a ring, and R.sup.25 and R.sup.26, R.sup.26 and R.sup.27, and R.sup.27 and R.sup.28 may be each independently linked to each other to form a ring,

##STR00002## in Formula (A2), n.sup.201 and n.sup.202 each independently represent an integer of 0 or greater and 4 or less, and n.sup.201 pieces of Ra.sup.201's and n.sup.202 pieces of Ra.sup.202's each independently represent an alkyl group having 1 or more and 10 or less carbon atoms, an aryl group having 6 or more and 12 or less carbon atoms, or an alkoxy group having 1 or more and 6 or less carbon atoms, in Formula (A3), n.sup.301 and n.sup.302 each independently represent an integer of 0 or greater and 4 or less, and n.sup.301 pieces

An image forming method includes charging operation a surface of the electrophotographic photoreceptor that does not contain lubricant particles in a region of 30% from a surface of an outermost surface layer with respect to a film thickness of the outermost surface layer or contains 5% by mass or less of the lubricant particles with respect to an entirety of the region; forming an electrostatic latent image; developing the electrostatic latent image with a developer to form a toner image; transferring the toner image to a surface of a recording medium; and cleaning the surface of the electrophotographic photoreceptor by bringing a cleaning blade into contact with the surface after the toner image is transferred, wherein a dynamic friction coefficient in a contact portion between the electrophotographic photoreceptor and the cleaning blade is 0.2 or greater and 0.6 or less.

An improved overcoat layer for an organic photoconductor drum of an electrophotographic image forming device and method to make the same is provided. The overcoat layer is prepared from a curable composition including a crosslinkable hole transport molecule containing four radical polymerizable functional groups in combination with a crosslinkable acrylate having at least 6 functional groups. This overcoat layer improves wear resistance of the photoconductor drum without negatively altering the electrophotographic properties.

An improved organic photoconductor drum having a protective overcoat layer and method to make the same is provided. The protective overcoat layer is prepared from a curable composition including a crosslinkable hole transport molecule containing four radical polymerizable functional groups in combination with a crosslinkable acrylate having at least 6 functional groups.

An improved overcoat layer for an organic photoconductor drum of an electrophotographic image forming device and method to make the same is provided. The overcoat layer is prepared from a curable composition including a crosslinkable hole transport molecule containing four radical polymerizable functional groups in combination with a crosslinkable acrylate having at least 6 functional groups. This overcoat layer improves wear resistance of the photoconductor drum without negatively altering the electrophotographic properties.