An electrophotographic apparatus includes an electrophotographic photosensitive member, a charging roller disposed so as to come into contact with the electrophotographic photosensitive member, and a charging device operable to apply only a DC voltage to charge the electrophotographic photosensitive member. The electrophotographic photosensitive member includes a support member, an undercoat layer over the support member, and a photosensitive layer over the undercoat layer and having a plurality of discrete recesses in the surface thereof. The undercoat layer contains zinc oxide particles and a binder resin. The undercoat layer has cavities therein, and the cavities account for 5.00% or less of the volume of the undercoat layer.

An electrophotographic photosensitive member includes an undercoat layer, a charge generation layer, and a charge transport layer in this order. The undercoat layer contains a cured product of a composition containing an electron transport material, a particle having an average primary particle size of 10 nm or more, and a silicone oil. A content of the particle in the undercoat layer is 3% by mass or more and 20% by mass or less. A content of the silicone oil in the undercoat layer is 0.01% by mass or more and 10% by mass or less relative to the content of the particle.

An electrophotographic photosensitive member with suppressed potential variation even in the case that a protective layer including a cured material of a composition having a polymerizable functional group is used is provided. An electrophotographic photosensitive member including a support, a charge generation layer, a charge transport layer containing a charge transporting material, and a protective layer, in the order presented, wherein the charge transport layer contains a polycarbonate resin having a structure selected from a group A and a structure selected from a group B, and the protective layer includes a cured material of a composition containing a compound having at least a functional group selected from chain-polymerizable functional groups and sequential polymerizable functional groups.

An electrophotographic photoreceptor includes a conductive substrate, and a lamination type photosensitive layer disposed on the conductive substrate and including a charge generation layer and a charge transport layer, in which the charge transport layer contains polyalkylsiloxane, and an amount of a cyclic siloxane having a molecular weight of 450 or less in the charge transport layer is less than 0.1 ppm.

Provided a liquid silicone rubber mixture, comprising following components (1) to (6): (1) an organopolysiloxane having two or more unsaturated aliphatic groups in a molecule thereof; (2) an organohydrogenpolysiloxane having two or more hydrogen atoms bonded to a silicon atom in a molecule thereof; (3) a hydrosilylation catalyst; (4) hollow particles each having a layer containing a thermoplastic resin as a shell; (5) a compound having at least one selected from the group consisting of a hydroxyl group and an ether bond in a molecule thereof, and having a sum of a number of the hydroxyl group and a number of the ether bond of two or more; and (6) a polycarboxylic acid.

An electrophotographic photoreceptor includes a base material and a photosensitive layer on the base material, in which an outermost layer constituting an outermost surface contains a total of 0.0010 ppm or greater of at least one selected from the group consisting of cyclic siloxane compounds represented by General Formulae (1), (2), (3), and (4),

##STR00001## (in General Formulae (1), (2), (3), and (4), R.sup.1, R.sup.12, R.sup.13, R.sup.21, R.sup.22, R.sup.23, R.sup.24, R.sup.31, R.sup.32, R.sup.33, R.sup.34, R.sup.35, R.sup.41, R.sup.42, R.sup.43, R.sup.44, R.sup.45, and R.sup.46 each independently represent a hydrogen atom or a monovalent alkyl group that may have a substituent, Z.sup.11, Z.sup.12, Z.sup.21, Z.sup.22, Z.sup.23, Z.sup.31, Z.sup.32, Z.sup.33, Z.sup.34, Z.sup.41, Z.sup.42, Z.sup.43, Z.sup.44, and Z.sup.45 each independently represent a group represented by Y.sup.12X.sup.12, a hydrogen atom, or a monovalent alkyl group that may have a substituent, X.sup.11, X.sup.12, X.sup.21, X.sup.22, X.sup.31, X.sup.32, X.sup.41, and X.sup.42 each independently represent a monovalent functional group selected from the group consisting of a succinic anhydride group, a (meth)acrylic group, an alicyclic epoxy group, an amino group, a hydroxyl group, and a glycidyl group, and Y.sup.11, Y.sup.12, Y.sup.21, Y.sup.22, Y.sup.31, Y.sup.32, Y.sup.41, and Y.sup.42 each independently represent a divalent organic linking group).

Provided is an electro-conductive belt including an electro-conductive resin layer. The electro-conductive resin layer includes a matrix containing a thermoplastic resin having at least one bond selected from the group consisting of an amide bond, an ester bond and a carbonate bond, a domain containing an ionic liquid containing a hexafluorophosphate anion or an anion expressed by formula (1), and particles containing a silicone resin having a structure expressed by formula (2): R.sub.0SiO.sub.3/2. Formula (1) ##STR00001##

An electrophotographic photosensitive member with suppressed potential variation even in the case that a protective layer including a cured material of a composition having a polymerizable functional group is used is provided. An electrophotographic photosensitive member including a support, a charge generation layer, a charge transport layer containing a charge transporting material, and a protective layer, in the order presented, wherein the charge transport layer contains a polycarbonate resin having a structure selected from a group A and a structure selected from a group B, and the protective layer includes a cured material of a composition containing a compound having at least a functional group selected from chain-polymerizable functional groups and sequential polymerizable functional groups.

Provided are a process cartridge and an image-forming method each of which has a satisfactory cleaning property even at the initial stage of the use of a brand-new process cartridge or electrophotographic apparatus, and hence can suppress a reduction in image quality due to the contamination of a charging member. The charge transporting layer of an electrophotographic photosensitive member contains a specific polyarylate resin or polycarbonate resin, and a toner contains a specific fine particle on the surface of a toner particle.

A film contains a resin, and particles of a siloxane compound having a structure represented by Formula: [RSiO.sub.1.5] n (in the formula, R represents an organic group and n represents an integer of 2 or more), where at least one R in the formula is a group including an alkyl group, in which in a spatial distribution of the particles present in an evaluation region of 63 m42 m, an integrated value of a statistical quantity L(r) represented by Equation (1) in an interparticle distance r of 0.05 m or more and 5.00 m or less is 0 or more and 1.6 or less.

[00001]$\begin{array}{cc}L\left(r\right):=\sqrt{K\left(r\right)/}-r& \left(1\right)\end{array}$ In Equation (1), r represents the interparticle distance, and K(r) represents a Ripley's K function K(r) represented by Equation (2).

[00002]$\begin{array}{cc}K\left(r\right):=\frac{\underset{ij}{\overset{N}{.Math.}}1\left(.Math.X_i-X_j.Math.r\right)/s\left(.Math.X_i-X_j.Math.\right)}{{}^2}& \left(2\right)\end{array}$ In Equation (2), 1(|X.sub.iX.sub.j|r) represents an indicator function, X.sub.i and X.sub.j represent coordinates of points i and