An electrophotographic photoreceptor includes an intermediate layer, a photosensitive layer, and a surface protective layer, deposited in this order on an electroconductive support. The surface protective layer includes a resin and a p-type semiconductor microparticle contained in the resin. The intermediate layer includes a resin and at least one metal oxide microparticle contained in the resin. The at least one metal oxide microparticle is selected from the group consisting of untreated tin oxide particles, tin oxide particles surface-treated with organic compounds, untreated anatase titanium oxide particles, anatase titanium oxide particles surface-treated with organic compounds, untreated rutile titanium oxide particles, and rutile titanium oxide particles surface-treated with organic compounds.

An electrophotographic image forming system forms an electrostatic latent image on at least a photoreceptor, develops an image using an electrostatic charge image developing toner, and removes the toner using a cleaning blade. A tip ridge of the cleaning blade is pressed against a surface of the photoreceptor. The system includes a photosensitive layer of the photoreceptor and a surface protecting layer that is provided on a surface of the photosensitive layer. The surface protecting layer includes a polymerizable monomer having at least two polymerizable groups in a molecule and a polymer of a hole transporting compound having a polymerizable group represented by General formula (1). The tip ridge of the cleaning blade has an edge angle that is obtuse and less than 120° and is pressed against the surface of the photoreceptor at an effective contact angle that is in a range of 8 to 20°.

##STR00001##

The present disclosure is drawn to apparatuses and methods that include a coated photoconductive substrate. The coated photoconductive substrate can include a photo-conductive substrate with a charge generation layer and a charge transport layer, and can also have a coating adhered to the photoconductive substrate. The coating can comprise a polymer and can be devoid of charge transport materials.

An electrophotographic photosensitive member, in which occurrences of image defects are suppressed, and a method for manufacturing the electrophotographic photosensitive member are provided. In addition, a process cartridge and an electrophotographic apparatus, which include the electrophotographic photosensitive member, are provided. The surface layer of the electrophotographic photosensitive member contains a cured material, and the cured material is a copolymer of a hole transport compound having a chain-polymerizable functional group and a vinyl ester compound containing a long-chain alkyl group.

Provided is an image bearing member for electrophotography, the image bearing member being excellent in abrasion resistance, scratch resistance, and toner releasability, and being capable of preventing the occurrence of image defects due to cleaning failure for a long period. The image bearing member for electrophotography according to the present invention includes a surface layer formed of a polymerization-cured product of a radical polymerizable composition. The radical polymerizable composition contains a radical polymerizable perfluoropolyether compound (radical polymerizable PFPE), and the ratio of the average number of fluorine atoms to the average number of radical polymerizable functional groups in the radical polymerizable PFPE is 2.0 to 20.0.

The present disclosure is drawn to apparatuses and methods that include a coated photoconductive substrate. The coated photoconductive substrate can include a photoconductive substrate with a charge generation layer and a charge transport layer, and can also have a coating adhered to the photoconductive substrate. The coating can have a thickness ranging from 1 nm to 200 nm.

The present disclosure provides an electrophotographic photosensitive member that suppresses electric potential fluctuations in repeated use. The electrophotographic photosensitive member includes a support, a photosensitive layer and a protective layer, in this order, wherein the photosensitive layer includes a compound having a structure represented by formula (1), and the protective layer includes a resin having a structure represented by formula (2) and a structure represented by formula (3).

Provided are a process cartridge and an electrophotographic apparatus each of which is reduced in fogging for reducing a toner consumption. Specifically, provided is a process cartridge, which is removably mounted onto a main body of an electrophotographic apparatus, the process cartridge including: a developing unit containing a toner; and an electrophotographic photosensitive member, wherein the toner is a toner including a toner particle, and has a polyvalent acid metal salt on at least part of a surface of the toner particle, wherein the polyvalent acid metal salt includes at least one kind of metal element selected from metal elements belonging to from Group 3 to Group 13, and wherein a surface layer of the electrophotographic photosensitive member contains a resin including a siloxane segment.

An electrophotographic image support includes: a conductive support; a photosensitive layer disposed on the conductive support; and a protective layer disposed on the photosensitive layer, the protective layer being formed of a polymerized cured product of a radically polymerizable composition containing a radically polymerizable monomer and a perfluoropolyether compound having a radically polymerizable functional group, the perfluoropolyether compound having the radically polymerizable functional group being represented by the following formula (1):

[Chemical Formula 1]

(B).sub.l-A-CF.sub.2O(CF.sub.2CF.sub.2O).sub.m(CF.sub.2O).sub.nCF.sub.2-A-(B).sub.l  (1)

wherein A represents a linking group having a molecular weight of 100 or more and 400 or less, B represents a radically polymerizable functional group, l represents an integer of 2 or more, and m and n each represent an integer of 0 or more, wherein m+n≧1.

An electrophotographic photoreceptor includes an intermediate layer, a photosensitive layer, and a surface layer laminated on a conductive support in this order, wherein a cured product of a polymerizable monomer contains an electron transport agent and n-type metal oxide fine particles to which a reactive organic group is bonded in the surface layer.