A rotary element is equipped with a pattern representing a reflected binary code on at least three bits. A detection circuit is configured to sense the pattern and deliver an incident signal encoded in reflected binary code on at least three bits. The incident signal is converted by a transcoding circuit into an intermediate signal encoded in reflected binary code on two bits. A decoding stage decodes the intermediate signal and outputs at least one clock signal representing the amount of rotation of the rotary element and a direction signal representing the direction of rotation. A processing circuit determines the movement of the rotary element, and has at least one general purpose timer designed to receive the at least one clock signal and direction signal.

A position-measuring device for determining an absolute position includes a measuring scale and a scanning unit that is movable relative to the measuring scale along at least one measuring direction. To generate a scannable signal pattern, the measuring scale has a measuring graduation which includes a raster of stripe elements arranged along the measuring direction at a measuring-scale longitudinal period. For the encoding of an absolute position, the stripe elements have a periodic structure having a measuring-scale transverse period along a transverse direction that is oriented perpendicular to the measuring direction. For scanning the signal pattern, the scanning unit has a two-dimensional detector system having a plurality of detector elements, which includes multiple detector columns having a plurality of detector elements in each case. The detector columns are periodically arranged along the measuring direction and the detector elements are periodically arranged along the transverse direction, so that by scanning the signal pattern, at least three periodic partial incremental signals are able to be generated with regard to relative movements along the measuring direction, as well as at least one absolute-position signal per detector column.

The invention relates to an apparatus for ascertaining a velocity component of an object that moves relative to the apparatus in a detection region at a measurement distance and that reflects light originating from a light source, the object generating reflected light that emanates from the detection region. To this end, the apparatus comprises an objective, a modulator, a reception optical unit and a light detector, wherein the objective detects the reflected light generated by the object in the detection region and elimages said light on the modulator, wherein the modulator modulates the reflected light into a sequence of light signals, wherein the reception optical unit images the sequence of light signals generated by the modulator on the light detector and wherein the light detector converts the sequence of light signals into a sequence of electronic signals. Further, the apparatus comprises an interface which transmits the sequence of electronic signals generated by the light detector to an evaluation unit.

An intermediate transfer member (ITM) (210, 310, 320, 330, 400, 410, 420, 430, 500, 520, 540, 600, 700, 802) configured for receiving ink droplets to form an ink image thereon and for transferring the ink image to a target substrate (226), the TTM (210, 310, 320, 330, 400, 410, 420, 430, 500, 520, 540, 600, 700, 802) includes one or more layers (273, 277, 373, 379, 602, 604, 606, 608, 610, 704, 706, 708, 712) and one or more markers (33, 333, 335, 392, 408, 418, 428, 448, 458, 612, 710, 804, 806) integrated with at least one of the one or more layers (273, 277, 373, 379, 602, 604, 606, 608, 610, 704, 706, 708, 712) at one or more respective marking locations along the ITM (210, 310, 320, 330, 400, 410, 420, 430, 500, 520, 540, 600, 700).

There is provided an interpolation circuit of an optical encoder including a phase shifter circuit, two multiplexers, two digital circuits and four comparators. The phase shifter circuit receives signals sequentially have a 90 degrees phase shift and outputs multiple phase shifted signals. Each of the two multiplexers receives a half of the multiple phase shifted signals and outputs two pairs of phase shifted signals, each pair having 180 degrees phase difference, respectively to two comparators connected thereto. Each of the two digital circuits controls the corresponding multiplexer to select the two pairs of phase shifted signals from the half of the multiple phase shifted signals.

A position detection encoder includes a scale that has a position detection pattern and a linear pattern that is formed in a direction parallel to a length direction of the position detection pattern; and a position detector generating a position detection signal with a different value due to a displacement of the position detection pattern in the length direction. In the position detector, a position confirmation pattern is formed that includes two markers arranged at an interval equal to or less than an offset tolerance value for a positional relationship of the position detector and the scale in a width direction of the position detection pattern.

An encoder comprises first and second sensors which reads first and second tracks, the first and second sensors being arranged in a radial direction to face each other, and a processor which generates a first position signal based on first and second periodic signals based on a signal obtained by reading the first and second tracks by the first sensor, and generates a second position signal based on third and fourth periodic signals based on a signal obtained by reading the first and second tracks by the second sensor, wherein the processor generates an absolute position signal indicating an absolute position of at least one of the scale, the first sensor, or the second sensor based on the first and second position signals and the first and third periodic signals.

An example optical encoder includes a rotary shaft having a rotational axis. The rotary shaft is actuatable along the rotational axis. The optical encoder also includes at least one light generating element operable to generate light, and at least one light detecting element operable to detect light and convert the detected light into a signal. The rotary shaft includes a portion operable to reflect light generated from the at least one light generating element onto the at least one light detecting element wherein the signal is generated. The portion is configured such that an actuation of the rotary shaft from a first position to a second position generates a corresponding change in the signal generated in the at least one light detecting element.

An encoder device for determining a kinematic value of the movement of a first object relative to a second object is provided, wherein the encoder device comprises a standard associated with the first object and at least one scanning unit associated with the second object for producing at least one scanning signal by detection of the standard and a control and evaluation unit that is configured to determine the kinematic value from the scanning signal. The control and evaluation unit is here further configured to determine the kinematic value by an evaluation of the scanning signal using a method of machine learning, with the evaluation being trained with a plurality of scanning signals and associated kinematic values.

Provided is an angle detection system including an encoder pattern portion attached to a measuring object, and a surveying instrument. The encoder pattern portion includes an encoder pattern provided on an outer circumferential surface of a columnar base and representing an angle with respect to a predetermined reference direction. The encoder pattern includes a reflective material layer and an encoder pattern layer. The encoder pattern layer includes a combination of a first and a second polarization filter. The surveying instrument includes a reading light transmission unit for configured to outputting reading light toward the encoder pattern, an information acquiring unit to for optically acquiring information represented by the encoder pattern, an arithmetic control unit for calculating an angle of the surveying instrument with respect to the reference direction, and a first or second polarization filter disposed on an optical path of the reading light to enter a light receiving surface of the information acquiring unit.