A multilayered structure that includes a light receiving section including at least one layer including a noble metal composition and a metal oxide composition, the light transducing section transducing the energy of photons received to the energy of electrons. The structure further includes a piezo composite amplifier layer comprising a piezo polymer matrix, a first dispersed phase of piezo nanoparticles and a second dispersed phase of carbon nanotubes. The piezo composite amplifier amplifying a signal from the energy of the electrons received from the light receiving section using piezo-electric effects. The nanostructure further includes an environmental interface layer for delivering the amplified signal received from the piezo composite amplifier layer to a biological environment.

Devices and methods related generally to electrochromic materials and their use. In some embodiments, the electrochromic materials are for use on an optical substrate, such as a lens, a semi-finished lens blank, and the like. Some embodiments include an electrochromic stack including nanostructured materials. Some embodiments include an electrochromic stack including nanostructured electrochromic materials. Some embodiments include one or more ion-conducting layers. Methods of making electrochromic stacks having nanostructured materials and/or ion-conducting layers are also discussed.

An electrochromic module and a driving method for an electrochromic are provided. The electrochromic module has an electrochromic device provided so as to be colored or bleached depending on an applied drive voltage, a sensing part for sensing an external temperature of the electrochromic device, a control part for determining an application time of a voltage satisfying a particular Relation Equation depending on the sensed external temperature, and a power supply part for applying a voltage to the electrochromic device by the determined application time.

An electrochromic element includes: a first electrode; an electrochromic layer on the first electrode; a second electrode; and an electrolyte layer between the electrochromic layer and the second electrode. The electrolyte layer includes a basic compound.

Various embodiments herein relate to electrochromic devices, methods of fabricating electrochromic 116 devices, and apparatus for fabricating electrochromic 100 devices. In a number of cases, the electrochromic device may be fabricated to include a particular counter electrode material. The counter electrode material may include a base anodically coloring material. The counter electrode material may further include one or more halogens. The counter electrode material may also include one or more additives.

An electrochromic device according to an embodiment comprises a transparent conductive layer, an ion storage layer, an electrolyte layer, an electrochromic layer, and a reflective layer or a transparent conductive layer, wherein the ion storage layer includes an iridium atom and a tantalum atom, wherein the electrolyte layer includes a tantalum atom, wherein the electrochromic layer includes a tungsten atom, wherein at least one of the tungsten atom of the electrochromic layer and the iridium atom and the tantalum atom of the ion storage layer is hydrogenated, wherein the reflective layer is non-porous.

A stack of layers can be formed adjacent to a substrate before any layer within the stack is patterned. In an embodiment, combinations of substrates and stacks can be made and stored for an extended period, such as more than a week or a month, or shipped to a remote location before further manufacturing occurs. By delaying irreversible patterning until the closer to the date final product will be shipped to a customer, the likelihood of having too much inventory of a particular size or having to scrap windows for a custom order that was cancelled after manufacturing started can be substantially reduced. Further, particles between layers of the stack can be avoided. The process flows described are flexible, and many of the patterning operations in forming holes, openings, or the high resistance region can be performed in many different orders.

An electrochromic element is provided. The electrochromic element includes a first electrode, a second electrode, an electrolyte disposed between the first electrode and the second electrode, a first layer overlying the first electrode, and a second layer overlying the second electrode. The first layer contains an oxidizable color-developing electrochromic compound. The second layer contains a compound having the following formula (1): ##STR00001##
wherein each of R.sub.1 to R.sub.5 independently represents a hydrogen atom, a halogen atom, or a monovalent organic group, and at least one of R.sub.1 to R.sub.5 includes a functional group directly or indirectly bindable to a hydroxyl group (OH).

An electrochromic apparatus includes a first substrate, a first electrode layer, an electrochromic layer, an electrolyte layer, a second substrate, a second electrode layer, a first extraction electrode layer, a second extraction electrode layer, and a partition wall. The first extraction electrode layer contacts the first electrode layer and is isolated from the second electrode layer and the electrochromic layer. The second extraction electrode layer contacts the second electrode layer and is isolated from the first electrode layer and the electrolyte layer. The partition wall is electrically insulative and sandwiched between the first extraction electrode layer and the electrolyte layer and between the second extraction electrode layer and the electrolyte layer.

A touch glasses-free grating 3D display device and manufacturing and control methods thereof. The touch glasses-free grating 3D display device includes a display panel and an electrochromic 3D glasses-free grating disposed on the display panel. The electrochromic 3D glasses-free grating includes a plurality of mutually parallel first grating electrodes, a plurality of mutually parallel second grating electrodes and an electrochromic material disposed between the plurality of mutually parallel first grating electrodes and the plurality of mutually parallel second grating electrodes. Both the plurality of first grating electrodes and the plurality of second grating electrodes are transparent conductive electrodes. The display panel is provided with or includes a plurality of touch electrodes which are intercrossed with and insulated from the plurality of first grating electrodes and the plurality of second grating electrodes. The first grating electrodes and the second grating electrodes not only can apply 3D driving voltage signals but also can apply touch driving signals or output touch sensing signals.