Devices and methods related generally to electrochromic materials and their use. In some embodiments, the electrochromic materials are for use on an optical substrate, such as a lens, a semi-finished lens blank, and the like. Some embodiments include an electrochromic stack including nanostructured materials. Some embodiments include an electrochromic stack including nanostructured electrochromic materials. Some embodiments include one or more ion-conducting layers. Methods of making electrochromic stacks having nanostructured materials and/or ion-conducting layers are also discussed.

An electrochromic element is provided. The electrochromic element includes a first electrode, a second electrode, an electrolyte disposed between the first electrode and the second electrode, a first layer overlying the first electrode, and a second layer overlying the second electrode. The first layer contains an oxidizable color-developing electrochromic compound. The second layer contains a compound having the following formula (1):

##STR00001##

wherein each of R.sub.1 to R.sub.5 independently represents a hydrogen atom, a halogen atom, or a monovalent organic group, and at least one of R.sub.1 to R.sub.5 has a functional group directly or indirectly bindable to hydroxyl group.

A touch glasses-free grating 3D display device and manufacturing and control methods thereof The touch glasses-free grating 3D display device includes a display panel and an electrochromic 3D glasses-free grating disposed on the display panel. The electrochromic 3D glasses-free grating includes a plurality of mutually parallel first grating electrodes, a plurality of mutually parallel second grating electrodes and an electrochromic material disposed between the plurality of mutually parallel first grating electrodes and the plurality of mutually parallel second grating electrodes. Both the plurality of first grating electrodes and the plurality of second grating electrodes are transparent conductive electrodes. The display panel is provided with or includes a plurality of touch electrodes which are intercrossed with and insulated from the plurality of first grating electrodes and the plurality of second grating electrodes. The first grating electrodes and the second grating electrodes not only can apply 3D driving voltage signals but also can apply touch driving signals or output touch sensing signals.

A memory device may include an access transistor, and a memory cell configured to store an item of information. The memory cell may include first and second electrodes configured to have different optoelectronic states corresponding respectively to two values of the item of information, and to switch between the different optoelectronic states based upon a control signal external to the memory cell, the different optoelectronic states being naturally stable in an absence of the control signal. The memory cell may also include a solid electrolyte between the first and second electrodes.

The invention concerns a composition for forming an electrochromic layer which composition comprises or consists of the following components: Nanoparticles of electrochromic material, a solvent, a surface ligand adsorbed on the surfaces of the nanoparticles and either a photoacid, wherein the photoacid is also adsorbed on the surfaces of the nanoparticles, or decomposition products resulting from decomposition of a photoacid by irradiation, wherein the decomposition products are also adsorbed on the surfaces of the nanoparticles, wherein the decomposition products are organic components, acidic components, protons, cationic components, anionic components and/or radical components, wherein the nanoparticles in the composition are colloidal nanoparticles uniformly distributed within the solvent.

Provided in an embodiment are an electrochromic element and a window device comprising same, the electrochromic element comprising an electrochromic unit and a photoelectron capping unit, which absorbs photoelectrons generated when external light is incident to the electrochromic unit, and having improved durability and discoloration rate.