An electrophotographic photosensitive member includes a conductive substrate and a photosensitive layer of a single layer. The photosensitive layer contains a charge generating material, a binder resin, a hole transport material, and an electron transport material. The binder resin includes a polyester resin. The polyester resin includes a first repeating unit represented by general formula (1) shown below and a second repeating unit represented by general formula (2) shown below.

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A content percentage of the polyester resin in the photosensitive layer is at least 0.3% by mass and no greater than 7.0% by mass.

A method for producing an electrophotographic photosensitive member having a photosensitive layer and a protective layer above a support in this order includes: forming a coating film for a protective layer by coating a coating liquid for the protective layer for forming the protective layer on the photosensitive layer and curing the coating film for the protective layer, in which the coating liquid for the protective layer contains a solvent, a compound represented by a general formula (1), a compound represented by a general formula (2), and a compound represented by a general formula (3) at a specific ratio. In addition, in an electrophotographic photosensitive member having a photosensitive layer and a protective layer above a support in this order, the protective layer is obtained by curing a coating liquid for the protective layer.

Provided is an electrophotographic photosensitive member having a satisfactory suppressing effect on image smearing. The electrophotographic photosensitive member includes: a support; a photosensitive layer; and a surface layer, the surface layer containing at least one of melamine resin-containing particles and acrylic resin-containing particles, and a polymerized product of a composition containing a charge-transporting compound having a polymerizable functional group; and a compound represented by formula (1):

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Provided is an electrophotographic photosensitive member including a support and a surface layer, wherein the surface layer contains a copolymer of a composition containing a specific hole transporting compound and a specific compound.

Provided are an electrophotographic apparatus and a process cartridge each capable of suppressing the occurrence of a black spot (white background contamination) in an output image under a low-temperature and low-humidity environment. The electrophotographic apparatus includes: an electrophotographic photosensitive member including a support, a photosensitive layer, and a protective layer in the stated order; an exposing device; a developing device; and a cleaning device, wherein the protective layer has a triarylamine structure and a specific structure at a ratio in a specific range, and a toner contains toner particles each containing at least a resin, and an external additive. The toner has a volume-average particle diameter of 7 m or more. The external additive contains a compound containing a titanium atom. The ratio of the mass of the compound containing a titanium atom to the total mass of the toner is 0.6 mass % or more.

An electrophotographic photosensitive member includes a photosensitive layer. The photosensitive layer contains a charge generating material, a hole transport material, and a binder resin. The binder resin contains a polyarylate resin represented by general formula (1). In general formula (1), r and s each represent an integer of at least 0 and no greater than 49 and t and u represents an integer of at least 1 and no greater than 50. Furthermore, r+s+t+u=100 and r+t=s+u. X and Y each represent, independently of one another, a divalent group represented by chemical formula (1-1), (1-2), (1-3), or (1-4). ##STR00001##

An electrophotographic photosensitive member which satisfies wear resistance and electrical properties, further has high image deletion prevention properties under a high temperature and high humidity environment, and a small potential variation under a low temperature and low humidity environment is provided. The electrophotographic photosensitive member includes a surface layer containing a polymerization product of a hole transporting compound having a specific structure.

An electrophotographic photoconductor is provided that includes a conductive substrate, an undercoat layer overlying the conductive substrate, and a photosensitive layer overlying the undercoat layer. The undercoat layer contains zinc oxide particles and a binder resin and has a volume resistivity of 0.0310.sup.6 .Math.cm or less in an electrical field of 5 V/m at a temperature of 23 degrees C. and a relative humidity of 55%. The photosensitive layer contains a compound represented by the following general formula (1):

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where each of R.sub.1 to R.sub.3 independently represents a hydrogen atom, a halogen atom, an alkyl group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms which may have a substituent, or a substituted or unsubstituted aryl group having 6 to 12 carbon atoms.

A compound is represented by general formula (1). In general formula (1), R.sup.1 and R.sup.2 each represent, independently of one another, a hydrogen atom, a methyl group, or an ethyl group, and a sum of the number of carbon atoms of the chemical group represented by R.sup.1 and the number of carbon atoms of the chemical group represented by R.sup.2 is 2. R.sup.3 and R.sup.4 each represent, independently of one another, a hydrogen atom, a methyl group, or an ethyl group, and a sum of the number of carbon atoms of the chemical group represented by R.sup.3 and the number of carbon atoms of the chemical group represented by R.sup.1 is 2. A photosensitive layer of an electrophotographic photosensitive member contains at least a charge generating material, a hole transport material, and a binder resin. The hole transport material includes a compound represented by general formula (1)

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An electrophotographic photoreceptor, including a photosensitive layer formed on an electroconductive substrate. The photosensitive layer includes a charge-generating material and an electron-transporting material, and the electron-transporting material includes first and second electron-transporting materials. A difference in lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) energy between the first electron-transporting material and the charge-generating material is in a range from 1.0 to 1.5 eV, and a difference in LUMO energy between the second electron-transporting material and the charge-generating material is in a range from 0.6 to 0.9 eV. A ratio of mass of the second electron-transporting material to a total of mass of the first electron-transporting material and the mass of the second electron-transporting material is in a range from 3 to 40%.