Provided is an electrophotographic photosensitive member including a support and a surface layer, wherein the surface layer contains a copolymer of a composition containing a specific hole transporting compound and a specific compound.

Provided are an electrophotographic apparatus and a process cartridge each capable of suppressing the occurrence of a black spot (white background contamination) in an output image under a low-temperature and low-humidity environment. The electrophotographic apparatus includes: an electrophotographic photosensitive member including a support, a photosensitive layer, and a protective layer in the stated order; an exposing device; a developing device; and a cleaning device, wherein the protective layer has a triarylamine structure and a specific structure at a ratio in a specific range, and a toner contains toner particles each containing at least a resin, and an external additive. The toner has a volume-average particle diameter of 7 m or more. The external additive contains a compound containing a titanium atom. The ratio of the mass of the compound containing a titanium atom to the total mass of the toner is 0.6 mass % or more.

Provided are an electrophotographic photosensitive member including a support and a photosensitive layer above the support, in which a surface layer of the electrophotographic photosensitive member includes a polymerization product of a composition containing a specific hole transporting compound, and an electrophotographic apparatus and a process cartridge including the electrophotographic photosensitive member. Also provided is a method of producing the electrophotographic photosensitive member, including (i) forming a coating film of a coating solution for a surface layer which is a composition containing a specific hole transporting compound, and (ii) forming the surface layer of the electrophotographic photosensitive member by a polymerization reaction of the composition containing the specific hole transporting compound.

The present disclosure provides an electrophotographic photosensitive member that has mechanical durability, and can achieve both of suppression of an image flow and adequate electrical characteristics. In the electrophotographic photosensitive member having a support and a photosensitive layer provided on the support, a surface layer of the electrophotographic photosensitive member contains a copolymerized product of a composition containing a hole transporting compound represented by the following formula (1) and a compound represented by the following formula (3):

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Provided is an electrophotographic photosensitive member that can achieve both of satisfactory wear resistance and the suppression of an image streak at the time of its repeated use. The electrophotographic photosensitive member includes a support and a photosensitive layer. The surface layer of the electrophotographic photosensitive member contains: a polymer of a hole-transportable compound having a chain-polymerizable functional group; and an ester compound having specific alkyl groups.

An electrophotographic photoreceptor includes a conductive substrate, an undercoat layer on the conductive substrate, a charge generation layer on the undercoat layer, a charge transport layer on the charge generation layer, and an inorganic protection layer on the charge transport layer, in which the charge transport layer contains a binder resin and a charge transport material, and, when impedance of the charge transport layer is measured, a ratio (C.sub.1Hz/C.sub.10Hz) of an electrostatic capacitance C.sub.1Hz at 1 Hz to an electrostatic capacitance C.sub.10Hz at 10 Hz is 1.1 or less.

Provided are an electrophotographic photosensitive member including a support and a photosensitive layer above the support, in which a surface layer of the electrophotographic photosensitive member includes a polymerization product of a composition containing a specific hole transporting compound, and an electrophotographic apparatus and a process cartridge including the electrophotographic photosensitive member. Also provided is a method of producing the electrophotographic photosensitive member, including (i) forming a coating film of a coating solution for a surface layer which is a composition containing a specific hole transporting compound, and (ii) forming the surface layer of the electrophotographic photosensitive member by a polymerization reaction of the composition containing the specific hole transporting compound.

Provided is an image-forming apparatus including: an electrophotographic photosensitive member including a support, a photosensitive layer, and a protective layer in the stated order; a charging unit; an exposing unit; a developing unit; a transferring unit; and a cleaning unit configured to clean off the toner, which remains on the electrophotographic photosensitive member after the transfer of the toner image from the electrophotographic photosensitive member by the transferring unit, with a cleaning blade, wherein the electrophotographic photosensitive member includes, on a surface thereof, a fatty acid metal salt-supplying unit configured to supply a fatty acid metal salt having 16 or more and 18 or less carbon atoms, and wherein the protective layer has a triphenylamine structure, one of an acryloyloxy group and a methacryloyloxy group, and a specific structure.

The present invention provides an electrophotographic photosensitive member sequentially including: a support; a photosensitive layer; and a protection layer formed on the support, wherein the protection layer has a triarylamine structure and a specific cyclic structure, and a specific A-value obtained by measurement using total reflection Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy is 0.010 or more and 0.050 or less.

An electrophotographic photosensitive member having a protective layer wherein the density unevenness among output images is reduced with abrasion resistance maintained is provided. The present invention is an electrophotographic photosensitive member having a support, a photosensitive layer and a protective layer in this order, wherein the protective layer has a triarylamine structure and a cyclic structure represented by the formula (1) or (2):

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and an A value expressed by expression (4), A=S1/S2, wherein, in expression (4), S1 is a peak area based on in-plane deformation vibration of terminal olefin (CH.sub.2), and S2 is a peak area based on stretching vibration of CO among peak areas of a spectrum obtained by measuring a surface of the protective layer by total reflection Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy using Ge as an internal reflection element and using a measurement condition of 45 as an incidence angle is from 0.065 to 0.100.