Provided herein are methods and immune biomarkers that identify progression and treatment options for hematological malignancies (e.g., smoldering multiple myeloma (SMM), monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS), or multiple myeloma (MM)). Also provided are materials and methods for the prognosis, staging, and monitoring of SMM, MGUS, or MM based on the presence of the immune biomarkers in a sample (e.g., a blood sample or a bone marrow sample), as well as methods for monitoring the progression of SMM, MGUS, or MM, determining the efficacy of a therapeutic agent, determining a treatment for SMM, MGUS (e.g., before progression to MM), or MM, and/or treating SMM, MGUS, or MM. The methods provided herein provide several advantages over invasive biopsies.

The present invention relates to a method for determining, predicting or estimating the biological age of a subject, or for providing a measurement for use in determining, predicting or estimating the biological age of a subject or for predicting the presence or absence of at least one disease in a subject, predicting the risk of a subject of having or developing at least one disease; and/or predicting the risk of mortality of a subject. This invention also relates to a device for determining the presence and/or amount of each biomarker in a set of biomarkers; a set of probes for determining the presence or amount of a set of biomarkers, and the use of such device and/or probes in any of the above methods. Also provided is a biomarker testing kit for use in a method as described herein and a computer-readable storage medium or a computer program comprising computer-executable instructions and associated method.

Described herein are methods for identifying immune cell-specific antigens and compositions for use in the methods.

The disclosure provides methods and compositions to digitally profile biological activity by detecting the activity of at least two biomarkers using protease activity sensors or biocomparators.