A method of controlling a current path range using an electric field is disclosed, and the method of controlling a current path range includes applying an electric field to an active layer including a spontaneous polarization material through an application electrode disposed adjacent to the active layer to form a polarization region of the active layer, and forming a variable low resistance region corresponding to a boundary of the polarization region, wherein the variable low resistance region is a region of the active layer having a lower electrical resistance than another region of the active layer adjacent to the variable low resistance region and allows an electrical path to be formed.

A method of controlling a current path range using an electric field is disclosed, and the method of controlling a current path range includes applying an electric field to an active layer including a spontaneous polarization material through an application electrode disposed adjacent to the active layer to form a polarization region of the active layer, and forming a variable low resistance region corresponding to a boundary of the polarization region, wherein the variable low resistance region is a region of the active layer having a lower electrical resistance than another region of the active layer adjacent to the variable low resistance region and allows an electrical path to be formed.

A method of controlling a current path range using an electric field is disclosed, and the method of controlling a current path range includes applying an electric field to an active layer including a spontaneous polarization material through an application electrode disposed adjacent to the active layer to form a polarization region of the active layer, and forming a variable low resistance region corresponding to a boundary of the polarization region, wherein the variable low resistance region is a region of the active layer having a lower electrical resistance than another region of the active layer adjacent to the variable low resistance region and allows an electrical path to be formed.

Herein disclosed is a voltage dividing resistor comprising a resistance bar and a plurality of dividing connectors. The resistance bar has a first end and a second end and provides a first current path, which stretches from the first end to the second end along the resistance bar. The distance between the first end and the second end is less than the length of the first current path. The first and second ends are configured to be electrically connected to a power source. The dividing connectors are electrically connected to different locations on the first current path. Each of the dividing connectors has a contact pad. The resistance bar is not coplanar with the contact pads. A divided voltage is obtained from a pair of dividing connectors chosen from the plurality of dividing connectors.

Provided is a variable resistance circuit in which the resistance value of the variable resistance circuit can be accurately adjusted, by reducing the error in the change amount of the resistance value of the variable resistance circuit due to the on-resistances of switch circuits even if the switch circuits that each bypass a resistor included in a ladder resistor circuit are switched between an OFF state and an ON state. This variable resistance circuit includes: a ladder resistor circuit including a plurality of resistors; a first switch circuit connected in series to one end of one resistor of the plurality of resistors; and a second switch circuit connected in parallel to a series circuit of the one resistor and the first switch circuit. When one of the first and second switch circuits is turned on, the other of the first and second switch circuits is turned off.

Provided is a variable resistance circuit in which the resistance value of the variable resistance circuit can be accurately adjusted, by reducing the error in the change amount of the resistance value of the variable resistance circuit due to the on-resistances of switch circuits even if the switch circuits that each bypass a resistor included in a ladder resistor circuit are switched between an OFF state and an ON state. This variable resistance circuit includes: a ladder resistor circuit including a plurality of resistors; a first switch circuit connected in series to one end of one resistor of the plurality of resistors; and a second switch circuit connected in parallel to a series circuit of the one resistor and the first switch circuit. When one of the first and second switch circuits is turned on, the other of the first and second switch circuits is turned off.

Herein disclosed is a resistor comprising a resistance bar and a plurality of dividing connectors. The resistance bar has a first end and a second end and provides a first current path, which stretches from the first end to the second end along the resistance bar. The distance between the first end and the second end is less than the length of the first current path. The first and second ends are configured to be electrically connected to a power source. The dividing connectors are electrically connected to different locations on the first current path. Each of the dividing connectors has a contact pad. The resistance bar is not coplanar with the contact pads. A divided voltage is obtained from a pair of dividing connectors chosen from the plurality of dividing connectors.

Provided is a variable resistance circuit in which the resistance value of the variable resistance circuit can be accurately adjusted, by reducing the error in the change amount of the resistance value of the variable resistance circuit due to the on-resistances of switch circuits even if the switch circuits that each bypass a resistor included in a ladder resistor circuit are switched between an OFF state and an ON state. This variable resistance circuit includes: a ladder resistor circuit including a plurality of resistors; a first switch circuit connected in series to one end of one resistor of the plurality of resistors; and a second switch circuit connected in parallel to a series circuit of the one resistor and the first switch circuit. When one of the first and second switch circuits is turned on, the other of the first and second switch circuits is turned off.

The subject matter of this specification can be embodied in, among other things, an identification system includes a first component having a first resistor and a second resistor, a second component having a sensor configured to sense a voltage difference between a first bus and a second bus and a selector signal output port configured to provide a first selector signal and a second selector signal, and a third component having a switching network configured to electrically connect the second bus to the first bus across one or both of the first resistor and the second resistor in response to the first selector signal, and electrically connect the second bus to the first bus across a different one of the first resistor or the second resistor in response to the second selector signal.

The subject matter of this specification can be embodied in, among other things, an identification system includes a first component having a first resistor and a second resistor, a second component having a sensor configured to sense a voltage difference between a first bus and a second bus and a selector signal output port configured to provide a first selector signal and a second selector signal, and a third component having a switching network configured to electrically connect the second bus to the first bus across one or both of the first resistor and the second resistor in response to the first selector signal, and electrically connect the second bus to the first bus across a different one of the first resistor or the second resistor in response to the second selector signal.