An electrolyzer system is provided for supporting stability of the power grid by three modes. In a first mode, the consumption is regulated in the direction of stabilizing the grid. In a second mode, an electrical capacitor effect of the electrolyzer is used with quick discharge temporarily in reverse for counteracting short-time power deviations in the power grid. In a third mode, the electrolyzer shifts to a short-term fuel cell mode consuming the gases at the electrodes. For example, all three modes are triggered, one after the other.

Organic-inorganic hybrid perovskite (OIHP) based photo-responsive devices include an OIHP active layer disposed between a cathode layer and an anode layer, and an electron extraction layer disposed between the cathode layer and the active layer. The electron extraction layer includes a layer of C.sub.60 directly disposed on the active layer. The active layer includes an organometal trihalide perovskite layer (e.g., CH.sub.3NH.sub.3PbI.sub.2X, where X includes at least one of Cl, Br, or I).

A MEMS device includes a bottom plate structure supporting a conductive electrode. A flexible conductive top plate movably supported by a flexure is affixed to a small peripheral portion of the top plate that is aligned with the electrode. Drive circuitry applies a high level of a drive voltage signal between the electrode and the top plate to produce an attracting electrostatic force between the top plate and the electrode sufficient to overcome the flexure and draw the top plate against the electrode. The drive circuitry later applies a low level of the drive voltage signal to remove the electrostatic force and allow the flexure to peel the peripheral portion away from the electrode. Additional drive voltage signals may be applied to additional electrodes to draw additional peripheral portions of the top plate against the additional electrodes and successively removed to allow peripheral portions of the top plate to be sequentially peeled away from the electrodes.