There is disclosed a method and a system for a versatile in-situ approach to design the nanostructured transition metal selenide (TMS) materials for the high-energy solid-state hybrid supercapacitors (HSCs). Initially, the rose-nanopetals like NiSe@Cu2Se (NiCuSe) cathode and FeSe nanoparticles anode are directly anchored on 3D highly conducting Cu foam via purposefully in-situ conversion reactions. The different potential windows of the NiCuSe and FeSe in aqueous electrolytes associated with the excellent electrical conductivity and redox activity results in the superior electrochemical features for the half cell with maximum specific capacity of 534.2 mA h g.sup.−1 for NiCuSe and 573.8 mA h g.sup.−1 for FeSe at current density of 1 A g.sup.−1, respectively. The solid-state HSC cell with NiCuSe cathode and FeSe anode delivers a highest specific energy of 87.6 Wh kg.sup.−1 and excellent cycle lifetime with capacity retention of 91.3% over 10,000 cycles.

Integrated devices comprising integrated circuits and energy storage devices are described. Disclosed energy storage devices correspond to an all-solid-state construction, and do not include any gels, liquids, or other materials that are incompatible with microfabrication techniques. Disclosed energy storage device comprises energy storage cells with electrodes comprising metal-containing compositions, like metal oxides, metal nitrides, or metal hydrides, and a solid state electrolyte.

Integrated devices comprising integrated circuits and energy storage devices are described. Disclosed energy storage devices correspond to an all-solid-state construction, and do not include any gels, liquids, or other materials that are incompatible with microfabrication techniques. Disclosed energy storage device comprises energy storage cells with electrodes comprising metal-containing compositions, like metal oxides, metal nitrides, or metal hydrides, and a solid state electrolyte.

A capacitor may be configured with a dielectric laminate disposed on ordered or non-ordered structures. Materials for the dielectric laminate have high dielectric constant and reduce leakage current to increase breakdown voltage of the device. These materials may include titanium dioxide (TiO.sub.2) and silicon dioxide (SiO.sub.2). In one implementation, the capacitor may reside on a substrate. The capacitor may have structure (e.g., nano-tubes, nano-holes, etc;) disposed on the substrate having a surface area greater than the surface area of the substrate and a laminate conformally coating the structure, the laminate comprising a first layer and a second layer with materials that configure the capacitor with an energy density of at least 60 Wh/Kg.

A capacitor may be configured with a dielectric laminate disposed on ordered or non-ordered structures. Materials for the dielectric laminate have high dielectric constant and reduce leakage current to increase breakdown voltage of the device. These materials may include titanium dioxide (TiO.sub.2) and silicon dioxide (SiO.sub.2). In one implementation, the capacitor may reside on a substrate. The capacitor may have structure (e.g., nano-tubes, nano-holes, etc;) disposed on the substrate having a surface area greater than the surface area of the substrate and a laminate conformally coating the structure, the laminate comprising a first layer and a second layer with materials that configure the capacitor with an energy density of at least 60 Wh/Kg.

An electrode comprising galvanic membranes having a thickness defined by an average length of vectors normal to a membrane first surface and extending to where said vectors intersect a membrane uncompressed second surface; a non-porous metal sheet having first and second surfaces; a non-porous dielectric sheet having first and second surfaces; square weave metal wire screens having a wire diameter slightly greater than one half the at least one galvanic membrane thickness dimension; wherein, at least one galvanic membrane is adjacent the metal wire screen on the at least one galvanic membrane first and second surfaces in a stack of membranes and screens; the metal wire screen is adjacent the first surface of the non-porous dielectric sheet; the second surfaces of non-porous metal sheets have a sustained pressure of at least 7 million Pascal; and; the metal wire screen is collectively in incompressible vertical alignment with another metal wire screen.

An electrode comprising galvanic membranes having a thickness defined by an average length of vectors normal to a membrane first surface and extending to where said vectors intersect a membrane uncompressed second surface; a non-porous metal sheet having first and second surfaces; a non-porous dielectric sheet having first and second surfaces; square weave metal wire screens having a wire diameter slightly greater than one half the at least one galvanic membrane thickness dimension; wherein, at least one galvanic membrane is adjacent the metal wire screen on the at least one galvanic membrane first and second surfaces in a stack of membranes and screens; the metal wire screen is adjacent the first surface of the non-porous dielectric sheet; the second surfaces of non-porous metal sheets have a sustained pressure of at least 7 million Pascal; and; the metal wire screen is collectively in incompressible vertical alignment with another metal wire screen.

A capacitor includes at least one multi-wing structure; a laminated structure, where the laminated structure clads the at least one multi-wing structure and includes at least one dielectric layer and a plurality of conductive layers, and the at least one dielectric layer and the plurality of conductive layers form a structure that a conductive layer and a dielectric layer are adjacent to each other; at least one first external electrode, where the first external electrode is electrically connected to some conductive layer(s) in the plurality of conductive layers; at least one second external electrode, wherein the second external electrode is electrically connected to the other conductive layer(s) in the plurality of conductive layers, and a conductive layer in the laminated structure adjacent to each conductive layer in the some conductive layer(s) includes at least one conductive layer in the other conductive layer(s).

A subsurface battery comprises an anodic fracture disposed within a subsurface stratum and a cathodic fracture disposed with the subsurface stratum. A first well electrode contacts the anodic fracture and a second well electrode contacts the cathodic fracture.

A subsurface battery comprises an anodic fracture disposed within a subsurface stratum and a cathodic fracture disposed with the subsurface stratum. A first well electrode contacts the anodic fracture and a second well electrode contacts the cathodic fracture.