A high-frequency module can be used in communication satellites. The high-frequency module contains an electronic unit and a housing. The housing at least partially encloses the electronic unit, and the electronic unit is arranged at least partially in an interior space of the housing. An internal connector is arranged on the housing, which is coupled to the electronic unit such that electrical signals can be transmitted between the electronic unit and the internal connector. The internal connector is constructed integrally with at least a part of the housing. This allows a thermo-mechanical stress on the electronic unit to be reduced.

An electron gun comprising a cathode having an electron emitting surface and whose planar shape is circular, a heater to increase the temperature of the cathode, and an anode to apply a positive electric potential relative to the cathode to extract electrons in a predetermined direction is provided. The cathode comprises a through hole at a central portion thereof along a central axis of the cathode, and either the cathode comprises a no-emitting layer at at least one of an opening edge on the electron emitting surface side of the through hole and an inner surface of the through hole, or the opening edge on the electron emitting surface side of the through hole is a chamfered C surface or a chamfered R surface.

A method for generating multi-stream electron beams is disclosed, the method including connecting an inner cathode to a cathode stalk, connecting an outer cathode to the cathode stalk, driving the cathode stalk with a pulsed power generator at a single potential, producing a first electron beam from the inner cathode, and producing a second electron beam from the outer cathode. Implementations of the method for generating multi-stream electron beams may include where each of the inner cathode and the outer cathode may include nested magnetically insulated coaxial diodes (MICDs). The first electron beam and the second electron beam can be generated with different energies. A multi-stream traveling wave tube (TWT) and an electron beam generating apparatus are also described.

A method for generating multi-stream electron beams is disclosed, the method including connecting an inner cathode to a cathode stalk, connecting an outer cathode to the cathode stalk, driving the cathode stalk with a pulsed power generator at a single potential, producing a first electron beam from the inner cathode, and producing a second electron beam from the outer cathode. Implementations of the method for generating multi-stream electron beams may include where each of the inner cathode and the outer cathode may include nested magnetically insulated coaxial diodes (MICDs). The first electron beam and the second electron beam can be generated with different energies. A multi-stream traveling wave tube (TWT) and an electron beam generating apparatus are also described.

An arrangement of conduction-cooled travelling wave tubes includes multiple travelling wave tubes mounted on a common base, wherein the travelling wave tubes are thermally connected to the base so that during operation of the travelling wave tubes the base forms a heat sink for the travelling wave tubes, and the base is designed to accommodate multiple travelling wave tubes in terms of their dimensions along their beam axes so as to increase the number of travelling wave tubes per surface area unit of the base.

An arrangement of conduction-cooled travelling wave tubes includes multiple travelling wave tubes mounted on a common base, wherein the travelling wave tubes are thermally connected to the base so that during operation of the travelling wave tubes the base forms a heat sink for the travelling wave tubes, and the base is designed to accommodate multiple travelling wave tubes in terms of their dimensions along their beam axes so as to increase the number of travelling wave tubes per surface area unit of the base.

A slow-wave circuit comprises: a waveguide comprising a meander-shaped part that transmits an electromagnetic wave and alternately repeats a first folded part and a second folded part folded onto the opposite side to the first folded part; and a beam hole that transmits an electron beam, extends in a predetermined direction, and penetrates the meander-shaped part, wherein the beam hole penetrates the meander-shaped part so that a part of the beam hole protrudes from the first folded part.

A slow-wave circuit comprises: a waveguide comprising a meander-shaped part that transmits an electromagnetic wave and alternately repeats a first folded part and a second folded part folded onto the opposite side to the first folded part; and a beam hole that transmits an electron beam, extends in a predetermined direction, and penetrates the meander-shaped part, wherein the beam hole penetrates the meander-shaped part so that a part of the beam hole protrudes from the first folded part.

An energy supply unit for a traveling wave tube is configured to transform a first voltage present at a low voltage interface into a second voltage providable at a high voltage interface. The second voltage is greater than the first voltage and corresponds to a required operating voltage of the traveling wave tube. The energy supply unit is configured to receive a signal pattern via a signal input interface and to output a control signal via a control interface to the traveling wave tube for operating the traveling wave tube based on the signal pattern and to gradually and/or iteratively align or adapt the control signal to the signal pattern being present at the signal input interface when changing an operating mode of the traveling wave tube. A power draw at the beginning of the switched-on state may increase slowly and voltage drops at the high voltage supply may be minimized.

An energy supply unit for a traveling wave tube is configured to transform a first voltage present at a low voltage interface into a second voltage providable at a high voltage interface. The second voltage is greater than the first voltage and corresponds to a required operating voltage of the traveling wave tube. The energy supply unit is configured to receive a signal pattern via a signal input interface and to output a control signal via a control interface to the traveling wave tube for operating the traveling wave tube based on the signal pattern and to gradually and/or iteratively align or adapt the control signal to the signal pattern being present at the signal input interface when changing an operating mode of the traveling wave tube. A power draw at the beginning of the switched-on state may increase slowly and voltage drops at the high voltage supply may be minimized.