A photovoltaic module having a superstrate layer, an encapsulant having an upper layer and a lower layer, the upper layer being juxtaposed with a lower surface of the superstrate layer, and a photovoltaic layer intermediate the upper layer and the lower layer of the encapsulant. A first portion of the upper layer of the encapsulant includes a first light scattering value as measured in accordance with an ASTM E430 standard, and a second portion of the upper layer of the encapsulant has a second light scattering value as measured in accordance with the ASTM E430 standard. The second light scattering value is greater than the first light scattering value.

Provided is a wire setting apparatus of a tabbing apparatus. A wire setting apparatus of a tabbing apparatus according to the present invention includes: a conveyer; a wire placement platform installed adjacent to the conveyer such that a portion of a wire placed on the conveyor lies on the wire placement platform; and a placement gripper device configured to grip the wire and to place the wire on the wire placement platform.

A handheld computer case having an integral lighter for providing a flameless lighter in a case for a mobile phone includes a case body defining a rigid housing sized to fit a conventional handheld computer, a lighter actuator for selectively availing and activating an electric lighter, and a lighter housing in which the electric lighter is disposed. In operation, a user may apply manual force to mechanically actuate the lighter actuator, thereby causing both the lighter housing to open and expose the electric lighter and an electrical switch to direct electricity from an internal battery to a heating element which defines the electric lighter. Once the user is finished with the lighter, the manual force may be removed to cause the lighter housing to automatically close and the flow of electricity to the heating element to be interrupted.

Example embodiments relate to optoelectronic devices. An optoelectronic device may include a photoactive layer between first and second electrodes, and a ferroelectric layer corresponding to at least one of the first and second electrodes. At least one of the first and second electrodes may include graphene. The photoactive layer may include a two-dimensional (2D) semiconductor. The optoelectronic device may further include a third electrode, and in this case, the ferroelectric layer may be between the second electrode and the third electrode. The second electrode, the ferroelectric layer, and the third electrode may constitute a nanogenerator.

Example embodiments relate to optoelectronic devices. An optoelectronic device may include a photoactive layer between first and second electrodes, and a ferroelectric layer corresponding to at least one of the first and second electrodes. At least one of the first and second electrodes may include graphene. The photoactive layer may include a two-dimensional (2D) semiconductor. The optoelectronic device may further include a third electrode, and in this case, the ferroelectric layer may be between the second electrode and the third electrode. The second electrode, the ferroelectric layer, and the third electrode may constitute a nanogenerator.

A holographic antenna integrated with photovoltaic cells and method for use of the same are described. In one embodiment, the method for using an antenna comprises receiving position data indicative of an antenna aperture of an antenna after the antenna has been placed in a position to increase capture of solar energy by one or more photovoltaic (PV) structures integrated into a surface of the antenna aperture; and in response to the position data, electronically steering an array of antenna elements of the antenna to redirect a beam toward a satellite based on the position of the antenna while maintaining the position of the antenna for increased capture of the solar energy.

A holographic antenna integrated with photovoltaic cells and method for use of the same are described. In one embodiment, the method for using an antenna comprises receiving position data indicative of an antenna aperture of an antenna after the antenna has been placed in a position to increase capture of solar energy by one or more photovoltaic (PV) structures integrated into a surface of the antenna aperture; and in response to the position data, electronically steering an array of antenna elements of the antenna to redirect a beam toward a satellite based on the position of the antenna while maintaining the position of the antenna for increased capture of the solar energy.

A method for manufacturing a photoelectric conversion device comprising the steps of fixing a first substrate including a semiconductor layer provided with a photoelectric conversion element, to a second substrate, thinning the first substrate fixed to the second substrate, from the opposite side of the first substrate from the second substrate, fixing the first substrate to a third substrate provided with a semiconductor element such that the third substrate is located on the opposite side of the first substrate from the second substrate, and removing the second substrate after the step of fixing the first substrate to the third substrate.

A method for manufacturing a photoelectric conversion device comprising the steps of fixing a first substrate including a semiconductor layer provided with a photoelectric conversion element, to a second substrate, thinning the first substrate fixed to the second substrate, from the opposite side of the first substrate from the second substrate, fixing the first substrate to a third substrate provided with a semiconductor element such that the third substrate is located on the opposite side of the first substrate from the second substrate, and removing the second substrate after the step of fixing the first substrate to the third substrate.

Disclosed is a novel compound represented by formula (1) below. In the formula, A represents an optionally substituted aromatic hydrocarbon ring or aromatic heterocyclic group, B represents a group including a chain of one to four pieces of one or more groups selected from groups represented by specific formulae (B-1) to (B-13) (such as —C═C— or —N═N—, specifically see the description), R1 to R3 each represent an optionally substituted hydrocarbon or hydrocarbonoxy group, at least one of R1 to R3 represents an optionally substituted hydrocarbonoxy group, R4 and R5 each represent an optionally substituted hydrocarbon group, R4 and R5 may be linked together to form a ring, and R4 and R5 may be each independently linked with A to form a ring ##STR00001##