A curable composition includes a blocked isocyanate in which an NCO group of an isocyanate compound having a H.sub.6XDI skeleton is blocked by a blocking agent having an O═C—CH—C═O skeleton, a curable functional group-containing fluorine polymer, and an alkoxysilane having a functional group including at least one element of a group 15 element to a group 16 element of the periodic table (excluding oxygen). In the curable composition allowing a titanium oxide to be contained, the molar ratio of the curable functional group to the NCO group is 0.5 to 10; the content ratio of the alkoxysilane with respect to 100 pans by mass of the total amount of the blocked isocyanate and the fluorine polymer is 0.2 to 8 parts by mass; and the content ratio of the titanium oxide with respect to 100 parts by mass of the fluorine polymer is 0 to 200 parts by mass.

A solar cell for a solar cell array with one or more grid on a surface thereof, wherein electrical connections are made to the grids in a plurality of locations positioned around the solar cell; and the electrical connections extend to one or more conductors located under the solar cell. The conductors located under the solar cell are buried within a substrate, and each of the conductors comprises a low resistance conducting path that distributes current from the solar cell. The conductors are loops, U-shaped, or have only up or down pathways. The solar cell comprises a full cell that has four cropped corners and the locations are in the cropped corners.

Articles, systems, and methods in which electromagnetic energy is converted to heat (e.g., for the purpose of inducing or inhibiting phase change of a material disposed over a surface) are generally described.

The present invention relates to a converter for converting an electromagnetic wave in a continuous electric current. Particularly, said converter comprises at least one antenna and at least one rectifier for transforming said alternating electric current in a continuous electric current, where said at least one rectifier is connected in series to said antenna. In particular, said antenna is configured to pick up an electromagnetic wave and resonate at the frequency of said electromagnetic wave, so as to generate an alternating electric current having a frequency equal to the frequency of said electromagnetic wave and said rectifier comprises a quantum diode for rectifying at high speed said alternating electric current.

The present invention relates to a converter for converting an electromagnetic wave in a continuous electric current. Particularly, said converter comprises at least one antenna and at least one rectifier for transforming said alternating electric current in a continuous electric current, where said at least one rectifier is connected in series to said antenna. In particular, said antenna is configured to pick up an electromagnetic wave and resonate at the frequency of said electromagnetic wave, so as to generate an alternating electric current having a frequency equal to the frequency of said electromagnetic wave and said rectifier comprises a quantum diode for rectifying at high speed said alternating electric current.

Methods of fabricating solar cell emitter regions using self-aligned implant and cap, and the resulting solar cells, are described. In an example, a method of fabricating an emitter region of a solar cell involves forming a silicon layer above a substrate. The method also involves implanting, through a stencil mask, dopant impurity atoms in the silicon layer to form implanted regions of the silicon layer with adjacent non-implanted regions. The method also involves forming, through the stencil mask, a capping layer on and substantially in alignment with the implanted regions of the silicon layer. The method also involves removing the non-implanted regions of the silicon layer, wherein the capping layer protects the implanted regions of the silicon layer during the removing. The method also involves annealing the implanted regions of the silicon layer to form doped polycrystalline silicon emitter regions.

Methods of fabricating solar cell emitter regions using self-aligned implant and cap, and the resulting solar cells, are described. In an example, a method of fabricating an emitter region of a solar cell involves forming a silicon layer above a substrate. The method also involves implanting, through a stencil mask, dopant impurity atoms in the silicon layer to form implanted regions of the silicon layer with adjacent non-implanted regions. The method also involves forming, through the stencil mask, a capping layer on and substantially in alignment with the implanted regions of the silicon layer. The method also involves removing the non-implanted regions of the silicon layer, wherein the capping layer protects the implanted regions of the silicon layer during the removing. The method also involves annealing the implanted regions of the silicon layer to form doped polycrystalline silicon emitter regions.

A photovoltaic module is presented, which may include a photovoltaic panel and a converter circuit having a primary input connected to the photovoltaic panel and a secondary output galvanically isolated from the primary input. The primary input may be connectible to multiple input terminals within a junction box and at least one of the input terminals may be electrically connected to a ground. The photovoltaic module may include multiple interconnected photovoltaic cells connected electrically to multiple connectors (for example bus-bars). The photovoltaic module may include input terminals operable for connecting to the connectors and an isolated converter circuit. The isolated converter circuit may include a primary input connected to the input terminals and a secondary output galvanically isolated from the primary input.

A photovoltaic module is presented, which may include a photovoltaic panel and a converter circuit having a primary input connected to the photovoltaic panel and a secondary output galvanically isolated from the primary input. The primary input may be connectible to multiple input terminals within a junction box and at least one of the input terminals may be electrically connected to a ground. The photovoltaic module may include multiple interconnected photovoltaic cells connected electrically to multiple connectors (for example bus-bars). The photovoltaic module may include input terminals operable for connecting to the connectors and an isolated converter circuit. The isolated converter circuit may include a primary input connected to the input terminals and a secondary output galvanically isolated from the primary input.

In one respect, disclosed is a device or system for solar irradiance measurement comprising at least two irradiance sensors deployed outdoors at substantially different angles, such that, by analysis of readings from said irradiance sensors, a direct irradiance, a diffuse irradiance, a global irradiance, and/or a ground-reflected irradiance are determined. In some embodiments the disclosed device or system is stationary and has no moving parts.