Electrodes, production methods and mono-cell batteries are provided, which comprise active material particles embedded in electrically conductive metallic porous structure, dry-etched anode structures and battery structures with thick anodes and cathodes that have spatially uniform resistance. The metallic porous structure provides electric conductivity, a large volume that supports good ionic conductivity, that in turn reduces directional elongation of the particles during operation, and may enable reduction or removal of binders, conductive additives and/or current collectors to yield electrodes with higher structural stability, lower resistance, possibly higher energy density and longer cycling lifetime. Dry etching treatments may be used to reduce oxidized surfaces of the active material particles, thereby simplifying production methods and enhancing porosity and ionic conductivity of the electrodes. Electrodes may be made thick and used to form mono-cell batteries which are simple to produce and yield high performance.

The invention relates to a particulate material comprising a plurality of composite particles, wherein the composite particles comprise: (a) a porous carbon framework comprising micropores and mesopores having a total pore volume of at least 0.6 cm.sup.3/g and no more than 2 cm.sup.3/g, where the volume fraction of micropores is in the range from 0.5 to 0.9 and the volume fraction of pores having a pore diameter no more than 10 nm is at least 0.75, and the porous carbon framework has a D.sub.50 particle size of less than 20 μm; (b) silicon located within the micropores and/or mesopores of the porous carbon framework in a defined amount relative to the volume of the micropores and/or mesopores.

An aqueous secondary battery including: a positive electrode; a negative electrode; a separator; and an aqueous electrolytic solution including water and a metal salt represented by Chemical Formula 1 A.sub.xD.sub.y and having molality of about 5 M to about 40 M wherein in Chemical Formula 1, A is at least one metal ion selected from a sodium ion, a potassium ion, a magnesium ion, a calcium ion, a strontium ion, a zinc ion, or a barium ion, D is at least one type of atomic group ion selected from Cl.sup.−, SO.sub.4.sup.2−, NO.sub.3.sup.−, ClO.sub.4.sup.−, SCN.sup.−, CF.sub.3SO.sub.3.sup.−, C.sub.4F.sub.3SO.sub.3.sup.−, (CF.sub.3SO.sub.2).sub.2N.sup.−, AlO.sub.2.sup.−, AlCl.sub.4.sup.−, AsF.sub.6.sup.−, SbF.sub.6.sup.−, BR.sub.4.sup.−, and PO.sub.2F.sub.2.sup.−, and 0<x≤2, and 0<y≤2.

The epsilon polymorph of vanadyl phosphate, ε-VOPO.sub.4, made from the solvothermally synthesized H.sub.2VOPO.sub.4, is a high density cathode material for lithium-ion batteries optimized to reversibly intercalate two Li-ions to reach the full theoretical capacity at least 50 cycles with a coulombic efficiency of 98%. This material adopts a stable 3D tunnel structure and can extract two Li-ions per vanadium ion, giving a theoretical capacity of 305 mAh/g, with an upper charge/discharge plateau at around 4.0 V, and one lower at around 2.5 V.

The present invention relates to a negative electrode for a secondary battery which comprises a negative electrode collector, a negative electrode active material layer formed on the negative electrode collector, and a lithium metal layer, wherein an adhesive layer is disposed between the negative electrode active material layer and the lithium metal layer, and the lithium metal layer comprises lithium and metal oxide in a weight ratio of 50:50 to 99:1.

A battery includes an electrode layer, a counter-electrode layer placed opposite to the electrode layer, and a solid electrolyte layer located between the electrode layer and the counter-electrode layer. The electrode layer includes a collector, an electrode active material layer located between the collector and the solid electrolyte layer, and an insulating layer located between the collector and the solid electrolyte layer and bonded to the collector at ends of the electrode layer. The electrode active material layer has a region that does not overlap the insulating layer in plan view. The battery has an air gap, the air gap being located between the collector and the solid electrolyte layer and being contact with the insulating layer.

A negative electrode for a lithium secondary battery includes a negative electrode current collector and a negative electrode layer. The negative electrode layer includes a dielectric particle and a negative electrode active material including either or both of a lithium metal and a lithium alloy.

An electrochemical cell includes a solid state material that functions as an electrolyte and a separator within the electrode assembly. The solid state material is a mixture of a polymer that is interspersed with an ionically conductive ceramic material.

The present invention relates to a positive electrode active material, wherein the positive electrode active material is a lithium transition metal oxide including a first doping element (A) and a second doping element (B), wherein the first doping element is one or more selected from the group consisting of Zr, La, Ce, Nb, Gd, Y, Sc, Ge, Ba, Sn, Sr, Cr, Mg, Sb, Bi, Zn, and Yb, the second doping element is one or more selected from the group consisting of Al, Ta, Mn, Se, Be, As, Mo, V, W, Si, and Co, and a weight ratio (A/B ratio) of the first doping element to the second doping element is 0.5 to 5.

Provided is a current collector electrode sheet (10) including a slurry application area (11) formed by intermittently applying and drying a slurry containing an active material and a non-application area (12), on both surfaces of a metal foil (9), in which the application area (11) and the non-application area (12) are alternately formed in a winding direction of the metal foil (9) having a strip shape, and, in a compression step of continuously compressing the slurry application area (11) and the non-application area (12) using a pair of compression rollers in a thickness direction of the current collector electrode sheet (10), an area which is not compressed by the compression rollers, is present in a tailing portion (14) at a terminal end (13) of each application area (11).