The specification discloses a monitor, a system, and a method for monitoring the electrolyte level in a cell of a multi-cell battery. The system may be powered by leads attached across any one or more cells of the battery. The system includes an electrically conductive probe, having its own wire, that may be installed in any battery cell. The probe is current sampled to provide one or more signals used to determine if the probe is in physical contact with the electrolyte (indicating acceptable electrolyte level). The probe may be sampled as a cathode and as an anode. The probe may be sampled using PWM (pulse width modulation). The probe may be sampled using current limiting.

A battery, including a cathode, an anode, and an electrolyte solution. The cathode includes a cathode active substance and a cathode current collector. The electrolyte solution includes first metal ions and second metal ions. In a charging/discharging process, the first metal ions can be reversibly deintercalated-intercalated at the cathode, the second metal ions can be reduced and deposited as a second metal at the anode, and the second metal can be oxidized and dissolved back to the second metal ions. The anode includes a anode active substance and a anode current collector. A lead-containing substance is provided on a surface of the anode active substance and/or in the electrolyte solution. A mass ratio of lead in the lead-containing substance to the battery is not greater than 1000 ppm.

A battery, including a cathode, an anode, and an electrolyte solution. The cathode includes a cathode active substance and a cathode current collector. The electrolyte solution includes first metal ions and second metal ions. In a charging/discharging process, the first metal ions can be reversibly deintercalated-intercalated at the cathode, the second metal ions can be reduced and deposited as a second metal at the anode, and the second metal can be oxidized and dissolved back to the second metal ions. The anode includes a anode active substance and a anode current collector. A lead-containing substance is provided on a surface of the anode active substance and/or in the electrolyte solution. A mass ratio of lead in the lead-containing substance to the battery is not greater than 1000 ppm.

A lead carbon battery includes an activated carbon anode comprising the active layer and a current collector, wherein the active layer is in electrical contact with the current collector; a lead oxide cathode that is in electrical contact with a cathode side current collector; an acid located in between the activated carbon anode and the cathode; and a casing encapsulating the activated carbon anode, the cathode, and the acid wherein the active layer includes greater than or equal to 85 weight percent of the activated carbon, 1 to 15 weight percent of a fibrillated poly(vinylidene fluoride), and 0 to 10 weight percent of an electrically conductive filler.

A lead carbon battery includes an activated carbon anode comprising the active layer and a current collector, wherein the active layer is in electrical contact with the current collector; a lead oxide cathode that is in electrical contact with a cathode side current collector; an acid located in between the activated carbon anode and the cathode; and a casing encapsulating the activated carbon anode, the cathode, and the acid wherein the active layer includes greater than or equal to 85 weight percent of the activated carbon, 1 to 15 weight percent of a fibrillated poly(vinylidene fluoride), and 0 to 10 weight percent of an electrically conductive filler.

The present invention provides a battery, including a cathode, a anode, and an electrolyte solution. The cathode includes a cathode active substance and a cathode current collector. The electrolyte solution includes first metal ions and second metal ions. In a charging/discharging process, the first metal ions can be reversibly deintercalated-intercalated at the cathode, the second metal ions can be reduced and deposited as a second metal at the anode, and the second metal can be oxidized and dissolved back to the second metal ions. The anode includes a anode active substance and a anode current collector. A lead-containing substance is provided on a surface of the anode active substance and/or in the electrolyte solution. A mass ratio of lead in the lead-containing substance to the battery is not greater than 1000 ppm. The present invention can effectively improve a dendrite problem at a anode of a battery, prolong the cycle life of the battery, and improve the electrochemical performance and safety performance of the battery.

The present invention provides a battery, including a cathode, a anode, and an electrolyte solution. The cathode includes a cathode active substance and a cathode current collector. The electrolyte solution includes first metal ions and second metal ions. In a charging/discharging process, the first metal ions can be reversibly deintercalated-intercalated at the cathode, the second metal ions can be reduced and deposited as a second metal at the anode, and the second metal can be oxidized and dissolved back to the second metal ions. The anode includes a anode active substance and a anode current collector. A lead-containing substance is provided on a surface of the anode active substance and/or in the electrolyte solution. A mass ratio of lead in the lead-containing substance to the battery is not greater than 1000 ppm. The present invention can effectively improve a dendrite problem at a anode of a battery, prolong the cycle life of the battery, and improve the electrochemical performance and safety performance of the battery.

The invention concerns a high-performance tungsten-based super battery system, which relates to an integrated design and a construction method of a corresponding material, a structure and a process. In the technology, a tungsten-based material is used a negative electrode, and a high-specific-surface-area carbon or lead oxide is used as a positive electrode to assemble four types of super batteries comprising: 1) a tungsten-carbon super battery, 2) a tungsten-tungsten super battery, 3) a tungsten-lead oxide super battery, and 4) a super battery system of a hybridized tungsten super battery (comprising lead oxide, lead, and a carbon material) on which the foregoing two types of super batteries are hybridized in use. The introduction of the tungsten-based material endows a novel class of super batteries with higher power density, higher energy density, longer cycling life, high durability and reliable safety. This will enable a broad range of applications.

The invention concerns a high-performance tungsten-based super battery system, which relates to an integrated design and a construction method of a corresponding material, a structure and a process. In the technology, a tungsten-based material is used a negative electrode, and a high-specific-surface-area carbon or lead oxide is used as a positive electrode to assemble four types of super batteries comprising: 1) a tungsten-carbon super battery, 2) a tungsten-tungsten super battery, 3) a tungsten-lead oxide super battery, and 4) a super battery system of a hybridized tungsten super battery (comprising lead oxide, lead, and a carbon material) on which the foregoing two types of super batteries are hybridized in use. The introduction of the tungsten-based material endows a novel class of super batteries with higher power density, higher energy density, longer cycling life, high durability and reliable safety. This will enable a broad range of applications.

A flush-mounted plug connector is suitable for use in a battery management system. A plug connector housing has an assembly flange for assembling the plug on a housing wall of a housing, e.g. of the battery management system. A plug contact is integrated into the plug connector housing. The plug contact has a plug-in axis, a plug-in region, and a cable connection region. The cable connection region can be connected to the battery management system via a connection cable which is designed as a high-current cable. The cable connection region is designed as a crimp connection such that the plug contact is a crimp contact which is held in the plug connector housing in a rotatable manner about the plug-in axis at least during the assembly process, and after being assembled, the integrated crimp contact can be disassembled again by means of a disassembly tool.