Provided is a Ni—Fe battery comprising a high quality, high performance iron electrode. In one embodiment the iron electrode comprises a polyvinyl alcohol binder. The iron electrode of the Ni—Fe battery comprises a single conductive substrate coated on one or both sides with an iron active material.

Battery systems, methods of in-situ grid-scale battery construction, and in-situ battery regeneration methods are disclosed. The battery system features controllable capacity regeneration for grid-scale energy storage. The battery system includes a battery comprising a plurality of cells. Each cell includes a cathode comprising cathode electrode materials disposed on a first current collector, an anode comprising anode electrode materials disposed on a second current collector, a separator or spacer disposed between the cathode and the anode an electrolyte to fill the battery in the spaces between electrodes. The battery system includes a battery system controller, wherein the battery system controller is configured to selectively charge and discharge the battery at a normal cutoff voltage and wherein the battery system controller is further configured to selectively charge and discharge the battery at a capacity regeneration voltage as part of a healing reaction to generate active electrode materials.

An apparatus for a rechargeable battery is disclosed. The battery includes an anode including magnesium, a cathode including carbon, an electrolyte solution including water, and an amino acid. The electrolyte solution may further include a mixture of alkali, and alkaline earth metal salts, and the amino acid may be configured to have a chelating effect on one or more of alkali, and alkaline earth metal ions in the electrolyte solution.

Battery systems, methods of in-situ grid-scale battery construction, and in-situ battery regeneration methods are disclosed. The battery system features controllable capacity regeneration for grid-scale energy storage. The battery system includes a battery comprising a plurality of cells. Each cell includes a cathode comprising cathode electrode materials disposed on a first current collector, an anode comprising anode electrode materials disposed on a second current collector, a separator or spacer disposed between the cathode and the anode an electrolyte to fill the battery in the spaces between electrodes. The battery system includes a battery system controller, wherein the battery system controller is configured to selectively charge and discharge the battery at a normal cutoff voltage and wherein the battery system controller is further configured to selectively charge and discharge the battery at a capacity regeneration voltage as part of a healing reaction to generate active electrode materials.

Energy storage devices, battery cells, and rechargeable batteries of the present technology may include an anode and a cathode. The battery cells may include a separator positioned between the anode and the cathode. The battery cells may include an electrolyte incorporated with the anode and the cathode. The battery cells may also include a pseudo-reference electrode at least partially in contact with the electrolyte. The pseudo-reference electrode may be positioned between layers of the separator.

An aqueous battery system includes an electrode assembly, a recombination device, and a controller. The recombination device has a catalyst that combines hydrogen and oxygen produced by the electrode assembly to form water and generate heat via exothermic reaction. The controller, responsive to a detected temperature or change in temperature associated with the recombination device due to the heat, changes power supplied to the electrode assembly.

Provided is an LDH-like compound separator for secondary zinc batteries that includes a porous substrate made of a polymer material; and an LDH-like compound plugging pores in the porous substrate. The LDH-like compound separator has a dendrite buffer layer therein, the dendrite buffer layer being at least one selected from the group consisting of: (i) a pore-rich internal porous layer in the porous substrate, the internal porous layer being free from the LDH-like compound or deficient in the LDH-like compound; (ii) a releasable interfacial layer, which is provided by two adjacent layers constituting part of the LDH-like compound separator being in releasable contact with each other; and (iii) an internal gap layer being free from the LDH-like compound and the porous substrate, which is provided by two adjacent layers constituting part of the LDH-like compound separator being formed apart from each other.

Provided is an LDH-like compound separator for secondary zinc batteries that includes a porous substrate made of a polymer material; and an LDH-like compound plugging pores in the porous substrate. The LDH-like compound separator has a dendrite buffer layer therein, the dendrite buffer layer being at least one selected from the group consisting of: (i) a pore-rich internal porous layer in the porous substrate, the internal porous layer being free from the LDH-like compound or deficient in the LDH-like compound; (ii) a releasable interfacial layer, which is provided by two adjacent layers constituting part of the LDH-like compound separator being in releasable contact with each other; and (iii) an internal gap layer being free from the LDH-like compound and the porous substrate, which is provided by two adjacent layers constituting part of the LDH-like compound separator being formed apart from each other.

There is provided a secondary zinc battery including: a unit cell including; a positive-electrode plate including a positive-electrode active material layer and a positive-electrode collector; a negative-electrode plate including a negative-electrode active material layer containing zinc and a negative-electrode collector; an LDH separator covering or wrapping around the entire negative-electrode active material layer; and an electrolytic solution. The positive-electrode collector has a positive-electrode collector tab extending from one edge of the positive-electrode active material layer, and the negative-electrode collector has a negative-electrode collector tab extending from the opposite edge of the negative-electrode active material layer and beyond a vertical edge of the LDH-like compound separator. The unit cell can thereby collects electricity from the positive-electrode collector tab and the negative-electrode collector tab that are disposed at opposite edges of the unit cell. The LDH-like compound separator has at least two continuous closed edges.

The present invention is directed to the modification of sodium electrochemical interfaces to improve performance of sodium ion-conducting ceramics in a variety of electrochemical applications. Enhanced mating of the separator-sodium interface by means of engineered coatings or other surface modifications results in lower interfacial resistance and higher performance at increased current densities, enabling the effective operation of molten sodium batteries and other electrochemical technologies at low and high temperatures.