A plurality of storage batteries are divided into a plurality of storage battery blocks. A useful life of each of the storage batteries is shorter than the project life. Total capacity of the plurality of storage batteries is equal to or greater than the product of capacity required for a project and a ratio of the project life to the useful life. The project life is divided into a plurality of periods. For each of the plurality of periods, a rest storage battery block is selected from the plurality of storage battery blocks in rotation, the rest storage battery block is rested, and an operational storage battery block is operated. The sum of actual operating time of each of the storage battery blocks and equivalent operating time of each of the storage battery blocks is prevented from exceeding the useful life during the project life.

A plurality of storage batteries are divided into a plurality of storage battery blocks. A useful life of each of the storage batteries is shorter than the project life. Total capacity of the plurality of storage batteries is equal to or greater than the product of capacity required for a project and a ratio of the project life to the useful life. The project life is divided into a plurality of periods. For each of the plurality of periods, a rest storage battery block is selected from the plurality of storage battery blocks in rotation, the rest storage battery block is rested, and an operational storage battery block is operated. The sum of actual operating time of each of the storage battery blocks and equivalent operating time of each of the storage battery blocks is prevented from exceeding the useful life during the project life.

In a thermal management system for a battery electric vehicle, a controller is configured to, in a heating mode, control a switching valve to select a first valve position when a power supply temperature is higher than a predetermined power supply temperature threshold, and control the switching valve to select a second valve position when the power supply temperature is equal to or lower than the power supply temperature threshold. The controller is configured to switch the switching valve from the first valve position to the second valve position regardless of the power supply temperature, when a temperature of a heat medium that has passed through a power supply cooler is lower than an outside air temperature by a predetermined margin temperature difference or more while the switching valve is in the first valve position.

A paper suitable for use as a cell-to-cell flame barrier in a battery, and a battery comprising the paper, the paper comprising 40 to 70 weight percent fibrids and 30 to 60 weight percent mica, based on the total weight of the fibrids and mica in the paper; wherein the fibrids comprise a blend of 80 to 20 weight percent polymer and 20 to 80 weight percent aerogel powder, based on the total weight of the polymer and aerogel powder in the fibrids; the paper having a thickness of 100 to 4000 micrometers.

Certain aspects relate to a ground support cart for charging an electric aircraft. An exemplary ground support cart includes a frame, at least a wheel operatively coupled to the frame and configured to facilitate rolling translation of the ground support cart, a cart battery mounted to the frame and configured to provide a first electrical charging current, a conductor in electric communication with the at least a cart battery, a coolant source mounted to the frame and configured to provide a coolant flow, a hose in fluidic communication with the coolant source, and a controller configured to control the first electrical charging current within the conductor and the coolant flow within the hose.

Methods and systems are provided for a heat exchanger. In one example, the heat exchanger may dissipate energy generated by a battery module and may include a first plate and a second plate arranged in opposed facing relation to one another. A plurality of flow passages may be formed between the first and second plates, the plurality of flow passages including at least one multipass fluid flow passage with at least three longitudinally-extending legs.

Methods and systems are provided for a heat exchanger. In one example, the heat exchanger may dissipate energy generated by a battery module and may include a first plate and a second plate arranged in opposed facing relation to one another. A plurality of flow passages may be formed between the first and second plates, the plurality of flow passages including at least one multipass fluid flow passage with at least three longitudinally-extending legs.

A battery comprising a first housing element (2) and a second housing element (3) that jointly form an inner chamber (5) for receiving a battery module (10), wherein the second housing element (3) forms a second temperature control structure (102) on a face that is facing the inner chamber (5) and in particular is facing the first housing element (2), and a cover element (100) is connected to the second housing element (3) in such a manner that a temperature-controlling fluid receiving device (112) through which temperature-controlling fluid can flow is delimited by the cover element (100) in a fluid-tight manner with respect to the inner chamber (5) and the second temperature control structure (102) is embodied in such a manner that the temperature-controlling fluid can flow around it.

There is provided a thermal management apparatus for use with a vehicle comprising: a chassis in thermal contact with one or more first components that require thermal management and one or more second components that require thermal management, wherein the chassis is configured to transfer heat from the one or more first components to the one or more second components.

One example provides a chassis for an electric snowmobile including a battery pack. The battery pack includes a battery pack housing defining an enclosure for housing a number of battery modules for powering an electric motor of the electric snowmobile, the battery pack housing having a length extending in a longitudinal direction of the snowmobile, the battery pack housing including a bottom surface. A pair of opposing side panels extends downwardly from and along at least a portion of the length of the battery pack housing, the opposing panels and at least portions of the bottom surface of the battery pack housing together forming a rear structure extending in the longitudinal direction of the electric snowmobile.