A system includes a plurality of photovoltaic modules installed on a roof deck in an array and at least one jumper module electrically connecting a first subarray to a second subarray of the array. The jumper module includes at least one electrical bussing and an encapsulant encapsulating the at least one electrical bussing. The jumper module includes a frontsheet juxtaposed with the encapsulant. The frontsheet includes a first layer and a polymer layer attached to the first layer.

The invention discloses an islanding detection method in DC microgrids based on MPPT trapezoidal voltage disturbance. The steps are as follows: start the MPPT strategy; set the starting signal threshold of disturbance; measure the output current of PVA at the maximum power; calculate the same environmental factor of PVA with different capacities under the same light intensity and temperature in real time; when the environmental factor is greater than the starting signal threshold of the disturbance, periodic trapezoidal disturbance is carried out to the PVA port voltage reference; if the PCC voltage Upcc exceeds the threshold set by the passive method, it is judged as islanding; otherwise, it is judged whether the change rule of Upcc is consistent with the change rule of the calculated PCC voltage Upccp under the trapezoidal disturbance; If it is consistent, it is judged as islanding; otherwise, it is pseudo islanding.

The invention discloses an islanding detection method in DC microgrids based on MPPT trapezoidal voltage disturbance. The steps are as follows: start the MPPT strategy; set the starting signal threshold of disturbance; measure the output current of PVA at the maximum power; calculate the same environmental factor of PVA with different capacities under the same light intensity and temperature in real time; when the environmental factor is greater than the starting signal threshold of the disturbance, periodic trapezoidal disturbance is carried out to the PVA port voltage reference; if the PCC voltage Upcc exceeds the threshold set by the passive method, it is judged as islanding; otherwise, it is judged whether the change rule of Upcc is consistent with the change rule of the calculated PCC voltage Upccp under the trapezoidal disturbance; If it is consistent, it is judged as islanding; otherwise, it is pseudo islanding.

A solar tracker system includes a support tube, a solar panel assembly connected to the support tube, and an active lock connected to the support tube. The active lock includes a housing defining a chamber and a seal. The seal prevents a flow of fluid through the chamber when the active lock is in a sealed state and allows the flow of fluid through the chamber when the active lock is in an unsealed state. The active lock further includes a locking system motor connected to the seal to transition the active lock between the sealed state and the unsealed state, a battery providing power to the locking system motor, and an antenna for receiving instructions controlling the locking system motor.

A serial-parallel converter protection system includes a controller, a drive, a first switching transistor, and a second switching transistor. An input terminal of a converter is connected to an output terminal of the converter through the first switching transistor. The output terminal of the converter is connected in parallel with the second switching transistor. When an output voltage of the converter is greater than a first threshold, the controller controls the first switching transistor to be turned off and controls the second switching transistor to be turned on. In some embodiments, when the output voltage of the converter is greater than the first threshold, the controller controls the first switching transistor to be turned off and controls the second switching transistor to be turned on, so that the converter is bypassed, thereby preventing a voltage and a current from impacting a component inside the converter.

A power system may comprise a plurality of power sources, each connected to a corresponding power regulator. The power regulators may be connected in series or in parallel, and may form a string. Each power regulator may comprise input terminals connected to the corresponding power source, output terminals, and a power converter that may be configured to convert input power from the corresponding power source to output power. The power regulator may further comprise a regulator communications module that may be configured to receive a power regulation indication relating to regulating an operational characteristic of the power regulator. The regulator controller may be configured to instruct the power converter to increase or decrease the regulator operational characteristic based on the power regulation indication, and based on power production characteristics of the power regulator.

An arc detection device includes: a current detector that includes a magnetic core penetrated by first and second paths and each connecting a DC power source and a device, and detects a current flowing through each of the first and second paths and in accordance with a magnetic field generated at the magnetic core; a low impedance circuit having a lower impedance than the DC power source and the device, the low impedance circuit being connected to the first path and the second path to cause a high frequency component to bypass one of the first path or the second path; and an arc determiner that determines an occurrence of an arc based on a current detected by the current detector. In the magnetic core, a direct current flows through the first path in a direction opposite to a direction in which a direct current flows through the second path.

Various examples are directed to a solar power electrolyzer system comprising a first electrolyzer stack, a second electrolyzer stack, a first converter and a first converter controller. The first electrolyzer stack may be electrically coupled in series with a photovoltaic array. The first converter may be electrically coupled in series with the first electrolyzer stack and electrically coupled in series with the photovoltaic array. The second electrolyzer stack electrically may be coupled at an output of the first converter. The first converter controller may be configured to control a current gain of the first converter.

Various examples are directed to a solar power electrolyzer system comprising a first electrolyzer stack, a second electrolyzer stack, a first converter and a first converter controller. The first electrolyzer stack may be electrically coupled in series with a photovoltaic array. The first converter may be electrically coupled in series with the first electrolyzer stack and electrically coupled in series with the photovoltaic array. The second electrolyzer stack electrically may be coupled at an output of the first converter. The first converter controller may be configured to control a current gain of the first converter.

A method for manufacturing a concentrating photovoltaic solar sub-module equipped with a reflective face having a concave predefined geometric shape, wherein it includes laminating, in a single step, a multi-layer assembly comprising in succession: a structural element equipped with a reflective first face and a second face, opposite the first; a layer of a material of good thermal conductivity, higher than that of the material from which the structural element is composed, the layer being placed on the second face of the structural element; a layer of encapsulant or of adhesive; a photovoltaic receiver, the layer of encapsulant or of adhesive being placed between the layer of a material of good thermal conductivity and the receiver; a layer made of transparent encapsulating material, covering at least the entire surface of the photovoltaic receiver; and a transparent protective layer covering the layer made of transparent encapsulating material; and during the lamination, the reflective face of the structural element is shaped by being brought into contact with a convex surface of a counter-mold, in order to obtain the reflective face of concave predefined geometric shape.