According to one embodiment, a computing device includes an oscillator network and a controller. The oscillator network includes a plurality of oscillators coupled to each other. The controller is configured to control the oscillator network. Each of the oscillators has a nonlinear energy shift. The controller multiply performs a sampling operation. The sampling operation includes a first operation a first operation of outputting a signal causing the oscillators to stop oscillating, a second operation of outputting a signal causing the oscillators to oscillate based on a parameter relating to a first probability distribution, and a third operation of outputting a signal to measure, for the oscillators, a phase of an electromagnetic wave generated by an oscillation.

An oscillation apparatus includes: an oscillator including a resonator and a magnetic-field generating unit, the resonator including a loop circuit and a capacitor, the loop circuit including a first superconducting line, a first Josephson junction, a second superconducting line, and a second Josephson junction connected in a ring shape, the magnetic-field generating unit being configured to apply a magnetic field to the loop circuit, and the oscillator being configured to perform parametric oscillation; a read-out unit for reading out an internal state of the oscillator; and a filter configured to restrict transmission of a signal in a predetermined frequency band. A circuit in which the capacitor and the loop circuit are connected in a ring shape is connected to the read-out unit through the filter.

A superconducting input and/or output system employs at least one microwave superconducting resonator. The microwave superconducting resonator(s) may be communicatively coupled to a microwave transmission line. Each microwave superconducting resonator may include a first and a second DC SQUID, in series with one another and with an inductance (e.g., inductor), and a capacitance in parallel with the first and second DC SQUIDs and inductance. Respective inductive interfaces are operable to apply flux bias to control the DC SQUIDs. The second DC SQUID may be coupled to a Quantum Flux Parametron (QFP), for example as a final element in a shift register. A superconducting parallel plate capacitor structure and method of fabricating such are also taught.

An oscillation apparatus includes: an oscillator including a resonator and a magnetic-field generation unit, the resonator including a loop circuit and a capacitor, the loop circuit including a first superconducting line, a first Josephson junction, a second superconducting line, and a second Josephson junction connected in a ring shape, the magnetic-field generation unit being configured to apply a magnetic field to the loop circuit, and the oscillator being configured to perform parametric oscillation; a read-out unit for reading out an internal state of the oscillator; and a circuit component in which a coupling strength between the oscillator and the read-out unit is variable. The oscillator is connected to the read-out unit through the circuit component.

Superconducting Meissner effect transistors, methods of modulating, and systems are disclosed. In one aspect a disclosed transistor includes a superconducting bridge between a first and a second current probe, the first and second current probe being electrically connected to a source and a drain electrical connection, respectively and a control line configured to emit a magnetic field signal having signal strength H.sub.sig at the superconducting bridge. In one aspect the emitted magnetic field is configured to break Cooper pairs in the superconducting bridge.

A resonator includes a junction element including a Josephson junction and a fishbone-type waveguide coupled by the junction element.

A reservoir computer. In some embodiments, the reservoir computer includes a Duffing oscillator, and a readout circuit, and the readout circuit is configured to calculate a plurality of products, each of the products being calculated by multiplying a sample, of a plurality of samples of a signal from the Duffing oscillator, by a respective weight of a plurality of weights.

A thermodynamic relay gadget includes a set of one or more relay oscillators, an additional relay oscillator, a bias oscillator, and an on-chip controller. Respective ones of the relay oscillators have a time dependent mass or a time dependent frequency that is controllable, by the on-chip controller. The relay gadget is configured to relay thermodynamic information in analog form between an input oscillator of a first energy-based model and an output oscillator of a second energy-based model.

An oscillation apparatus includes: an oscillator including a resonator and a magnetic-field generating unit, the resonator including a loop circuit and a capacitor, the loop circuit including a first superconducting line, a first Josephson junction, a second superconducting line, and a second Josephson junction connected in a ring shape, the magnetic-field generating unit being configured to apply a magnetic field to the loop circuit, and the oscillator being configured to perform parametric oscillation; a read-out unit for reading out an internal state of the oscillator; and a filter configured to restrict transmission of a signal in a predetermined frequency band. A circuit in which the capacitor and the loop circuit are connected in a ring shape is connected to the read-out unit through the filter.