Digital-to-analog converter (master DAC) circuitry is disclosed that is programmable to set a controlled slew rate for pulses that are otherwise defined as having sharp amplitude transitions. For example, when producing a biphasic pulse, the constant amplitude and duration of first and second pulses phases can be defined and provided to the DAC in traditional fashion. Slew rate control signals control a slew rate DAC within the master DAC, which prescribes a slew rate that will appear at sharp transitions of the defined biphasic pulses, i.e., at the beginning of the first phase, at the transition from the first to the second phase, and at the end of the second phase. The slew rate can vary with the duration or frequency of the pulses, with lower slew rates used with longer durations and/or lower frequencies, and with higher slew rates used with shorter durations and/or higher frequencies.

A bipolar high voltage bipolar pulsing power supply is disclosed that can produce high voltage bipolar pulses with a positive high voltage pulse greater than about 2 kV followed by a negative high voltage pulse less than about 2 kV with a positive to negative dwell period between the positive high voltage pulse and the negative high voltage pulse. A high voltage bipolar pulsing power supply, for example, can reproduce high voltage pulses with a pulse repetition rate greater than about 10 kHz.

Some embodiments include a system comprising: an RF source configured to generate an RF signal; an RF frequency control circuit coupled to the RF source and configured to adjust a frequency of the RF signal; an accelerator structure configured to accelerate a particle beam in response to the RF signal; and control logic configured to: receive a plurality of settings over time for the RF source; adjust the RF signal in response to the settings; and adjust a setpoint of the RF frequency control circuit in response to the settings.

Some embodiments include a system comprising: a particle power source configured to generate a particle power signal; a radio frequency (RF) power source configured to generate an RF power signal; a particle source configured to generate a particle beam in response to the particle power signal; a RF source configured to generate an RF signal in response to the RF power signal; and an accelerator structure configured to accelerate the particle beam in response to the RF signal; wherein a timing of the RF power signal is different from a timing of the particle power signal.

A device includes a pulse generation circuit configured to cause a primary side of a flyback converter to generate a burst of pulses while a signal is enabled, a set-reset latch configured to output the signal and to reset in response to a number of pulses in the burst approaching a threshold, a comparator configured to set the set-reset latch when a compensated feedback voltage reaches a reference voltage, and a ripple compensation circuit configured to adjust a feedback voltage from a secondary side of the flyback converter by a compensation voltage to generate the compensated feedback voltage.

A device includes a pulse generation circuit configured to cause a primary side of a flyback converter to generate a burst of pulses while a signal is enabled, a set-reset latch configured to output the signal and to reset in response to a number of pulses in the burst approaching a threshold, a comparator configured to set the set-reset latch when a compensated feedback voltage reaches a reference voltage, and a ripple compensation circuit configured to adjust a feedback voltage from a secondary side of the flyback converter by a compensation voltage to generate the compensated feedback voltage.

Energy conversion systems that may employ control grid electrodes, acceleration grid electrodes, inductive elements, multi-stage anodes, and emissive carbon coatings on the cathode and anode are described. These and other characteristics may allow for advantageous thermal energy to electrical energy conversion.

Energy conversion systems that may employ control grid electrodes, acceleration grid electrodes, inductive elements, multi-stage anodes, and emissive carbon coatings on the cathode and anode are described. These and other characteristics may allow for advantageous thermal energy to electrical energy conversion.

Some embodiments include a system comprising: a first control logic configured to receive a first trigger and generate a second trigger in response to the first trigger the second trigger having a delay relative to the first trigger of a configurable number of cycles of a counter of the first control logic; a second control logic configured to receive the second trigger and generate a third trigger in response to the second trigger the third trigger having a delay relative to the second trigger of a configurable number of cycles of a counter of the second control logic; and a third control logic configured to receive the second trigger and generate a fourth trigger in response to the second trigger the fourth trigger having a delay relative to the second trigger of a configurable number of cycles of a counter of the third control logic. A particle beam may be accelerated in response to the triggers.

A pulse current generation circuit (100) for neural stimulation includes an analogue signal receiving device (101) for receiving an analogue signal; an analogue-to-digital converter (102) for converting the analogue signal into a digital control signal; a current signal controller (103) for producing, according to the digital control signal, pulse current parameters for generating bidirectional pulse current signals; and a current generator (104) for generating, according to the pulse current parameters, bidirectional pulse current signals for neural stimulation, and the current generator can generate pulse currents of different precisions according to the pulse current parameters. In addition, the present invention further relates to a charge compensation circuit, a charge compensation method, and an implantable electrical retina stimulator using the pulse current generation circuit or the charge compensation circuit.