A converter includes: a terminal that receives code-modulated power into which first alternating-current power has been code-modulated with a modulation code; and a circuit that converts the code-modulated power with a conversion code to generate second alternating-current power. The conversion code is based on the modulation code. A frequency of the second alternating-current power is lower than a frequency of the first alternating-current power.

A converter includes: a terminal that receives code-modulated power into which first alternating-current power has been code-modulated with a modulation code; and a circuit that converts the code-modulated power with a conversion code to generate second alternating-current power. The conversion code is based on the modulation code. A frequency of the second alternating-current power is lower than a frequency of the first alternating-current power.

The present invention provides a method of transmitting broadcast signals. The method includes, processing input streams into plural PLPs; encoding data of the each PLPs according to code rates, wherein the encoding data of the each PLPs further includes, encoding data of at least one PLP with LDPC codes, bit interleaving the LDPC encoded data of the PLP, mapping the bit interleaved data onto a set of constellations according to the code rate, MIMO encoding the mapped data, and time interleaving the MIMO encoded data; building at least one signal frame by mapping the encoded data of the each PLPs; and modulating data in the built signal frame by OFDM method and transmitting the broadcast signals having the modulated data, wherein the bit interelaved data of each PLPs are mapped by using either QAM, NUQ, or NUC.

The present invention is directed to data communication system and methods. More specifically, various embodiments of the present invention provide a communication interface that is configured to transfer data at high bandwidth using nDSQ format(s) over optical communication networks. In certain embodiments, the communication interface is used by various devices, such as spine switches and leaf switches, within a spine-leaf network architecture, which allows large amount of data to be shared among servers.

The present invention is directed to data communication system and methods. More specifically, various embodiments of the present invention provide a communication interface that is configured to transfer data at high bandwidth using nDSQ format(s) over optical communication networks. In certain embodiments, the communication interface is used by various devices, such as spine switches and leaf switches, within a spine-leaf network architecture, which allows large amount of data to be shared among servers.

The present invention is directed to communication systems. More specifically, embodiments of the present invention provide a technique and system thereof for performing eye modulation. Eye modulation is performed at the transmission side of a PAM communication system to compensate for distortion and non-linearity and generate an output waveform. Spacing among eye levels is adjusted by performing symmetric modulation using parameter and asymmetric modulation using parameter. A correction module measures the output waveform and sends feedback signals to a control module to adjust the parameter and the parameter. There are other embodiments as well.

A low power radio frequency envelope detector includes a charging transistor for controlling the charge supplied to an output capacitor. A first input capacitor couples an input signal to a gate of the charging transistor. A second input capacitor couples a first polarity of the input signal to a first diode such that the first diode is operable to couple charge to the first input capacitor and to the gate of the charging transistor in response to a positive excursion of the first polarity of the input signal. A third input capacitor couples a second polarity of the input signal to a second diode coupled in series with the first diode. The first and second diodes are operable to couple charge to the first input capacitor and to the gate of the charging transistor in response to a positive excursion of the first polarity of the input signal.

The present invention is directed to communication systems. More specifically, embodiments of the present invention provide a technique and system thereof for performing eye modulation. Eye modulation is performed at the transmission side of a PAM communication system to compensate for distortion and non-linearity and generate an output waveform. Spacing among eye levels is adjusted by performing symmetric modulation using parameter and asymmetric modulation using parameter. A correction module measures the output waveform and sends feedback signals to a control module to adjust the parameter and the parameter. There are other embodiments as well.

Accordingly, there are disclosed herein receivers and receiving methods that provide a graceful transition from PAM2 to PAM4 signaling. One illustrative method includes: negotiating a link speed having PAM4 signaling; performing adaption of at least one gain or filter coefficient during PAM2 signaling; switching to PAM4 detection before receiving PAM4 signaling; disabling said adaptation before said switching to PAM4 detection; detecting PAM4 signaling using at least one statistic of detected PAM4 symbols; and enabling said adaptation after PAM4 signaling is detected. Another illustrative method includes: negotiating a link speed having PAM4 signaling; adapting at least one of gain and filter coefficients during PAM2 signaling; monitoring for a change in at least one signal characteristic while performing PAM2 detection; and transitioning to PAM4 detection after detecting said change.

The present disclosure describes embodiments of driver circuit. The driver circuit includes a first impedance element electrically coupled to a first inverter circuit and a second impedance element electrically coupled to the first impedance element and a second inverter circuit. For a first encoding using the driver circuit, the first inverter circuit and the second inverter circuit are controlled such that a first current flows through the first and second impedance elements, the first current having a first value and a first direction. For a second encoding using the driver circuit, the first inverter circuit and the second inverter circuit are controlled such that a second current flows through the first and second impedance elements, the second current having a second value and a second direction. The first value is substantially the same as the second value and the first direction is opposite to the second direction.