A method for creating a normalized binary specification model may include receiving one or more existing binary information documents describing at least one of a binary communication protocol, a binary data storage format, or a binary data processing architecture; discerning relevant binary information items from within the one or more corresponding binary information documents; converting the relevant binary information items into normalized binary components; generating identifiers and assigning a respective identifier to each of the normalized binary components to produce identified normalized binary components; and creating a respective ordered list for each of the normalized binary components.

A method for creating a normalized binary specification model may include receiving one or more existing binary information documents describing at least one of a binary communication protocol, a binary data storage format, or a binary data processing architecture; discerning relevant binary information items from within the one or more corresponding binary information documents; converting the relevant binary information items into normalized binary components; generating identifiers and assigning a respective identifier to each of the normalized binary components to produce identified normalized binary components; and creating a respective ordered list for each of the normalized binary components.

Systems, methods, and computer-readable media are disclosed for optimizing online content rendering. In one embodiment, an example method may include determining that a document indicative of a webpage includes a content component. The content component may be configured to include multi-object content. A multi-object content may be received. The multi-object content may include a plurality of content items. A Document Object Model (DOM) tree may be generated based at least in part on the document and at least a first content item of the plurality of content items. The DOM tree may be sent to a user device requesting the webpage. A subtree may be generated based at least in part on the DOM tree and a second content item of the plurality of content items. The subtree and a command to combine the subtree and the DOM tree may be sent to the user device.

Methods, systems and devices for network congestion control exploit the inherent burstiness of network traffic, using a wave-based characterization of network traffic and corresponding multiplexing methods and approaches.

The present disclosure is directed to a cross-regional data transmission method and device. Metadata information sent by a corresponding client device is acquired, and the metadata information is sent to a corresponding metadata transmission node device, wherein the metadata information includes data replication progress information of the corresponding client device; to-be-forwarded data information sent by the corresponding metadata transmission node device is acquired, and the to-be-forwarded data information is pushed to the corresponding client device, wherein the to-be-forwarded data information includes data replication progress information of another client device, so that the metadata information sent by the corresponding client device is effectively sent to the corresponding metadata transmission node device; and the acquired to-be-forwarded data information sent by the corresponding metadata transmission node device is pushed to the corresponding client device, to achieve synchronization of the metadata information.

A method for providing a service for a traffic flow includes a network device receives a first packet; and when a packet feature of the first packet matches a packet feature of the traffic flow, the network device encapsulates an indication identifier of the traffic flow into the first packet to obtain a second packet, and sends the second packet. The second packet is an Internet Protocol (IP) version 6 (IPv6) packet or a Multiprotocol Label Switching MPLS packet. The indication identifier indicates the service provided for the traffic flow.

Certain aspects of the present disclosure provide techniques for signaling that relayed packets include information generated prior to decoding (e.g., pre-decoded samples, such as log-likelihood ratios (LLRs)). A method that may be performed by a first wireless node (e.g., a relay node such as a repeater user equipment (UE), a network entity such as an access point (AP), base station (BS) or next generation NodeB (gNB), or another node) includes determining at least one first packet to be transmitted to a second node includes pre-decoded first information about a second packet and providing an indication to the second node that the first packet includes pre-decoded first information.

Certain aspects of the present disclosure provide techniques for signaling that relayed packets include information generated prior to decoding (e.g., pre-decoded samples, such as log-likelihood ratios (LLRs)). A method that may be performed by a first wireless node (e.g., a relay node such as a repeater user equipment (UE), a network entity such as an access point (AP), base station (BS) or next generation NodeB (gNB), or another node) includes determining at least one first packet to be transmitted to a second node includes pre-decoded first information about a second packet and providing an indication to the second node that the first packet includes pre-decoded first information.

There are provided a method and an interface system for Bidirectional Synchronous Serial (BISS) protocol data decoding. The method includes: an MA drive module receiving an enable signal en and transmitting an MA clock signal to an SL receiving module, and then the SL receiving module detecting a trigger signal of SL; when a start bit of the SL is detected by the SL receiving module, the SL receiving module reading SL data; after the SL data is read, the SL receiving module transmitting a done signal to the MA drive module to stop operation of the MA drive module and transmitting a did signal to a CRC check module; and after the did signal is received by the CRC check module, the CRC check module performing CRC check on the SL data and outputting a correct position value after the check is completed.

A method of automatically generating a source code for implementing a function in hardware according to specifications defining a communication protocol includes: obtaining input data including the specifications; preprocessing the input data by extracting a table including a plurality of fields from the input data and classifying the table; generating structured data by performing lexical analysis on values of the plurality of fields according to a desired rule; and generating the source code from the structured data.