Embodiments of the invention include a vehicle telematics device that performs vehicle CAN bus discovery using bit timing analysis. In an embodiment, the vehicle telematics device enters a vehicle CAN bus protocol discovery mode, samples a vehicle CAN bus signal, performs bit timing analysis of the CAN bus signal, calculates a BAUD rate of the vehicle CAN bus based on the bit timing analysis, determines a data packet format of data packets on the vehicle CAN bus, and identifies a vehicle CAN bus protocol from a plurality of vehicle CAN bus protocols based on the calculated BAUD rate and data packet format.

A method, device, and computer-readable medium for packetizing a plurality of network abstraction layer (NAL) units of a picture using at least one processor, including obtaining the plurality of NAL units including a first NAL unit of the picture and a last NAL unit of the picture; splitting the first NAL unit of the picture into a first plurality of fragments and splitting the last NAL unit of the picture into a last plurality of fragments; packetizing the first plurality of fragments into a first plurality of fragmentation unit (FU) packets and packetizing the last plurality of fragments in to a last plurality of FU packets; and transmitting the first plurality of FU packets and the last plurality of FU packets, wherein a last FU packet of the last plurality of FU packets includes a last FU header including a last R bit, and wherein the last R bit is set to 1.

A method, device, and computer-readable medium for packetizing a plurality of network abstraction layer (NAL) units of a picture using at least one processor, including obtaining the plurality of NAL units including a first NAL unit of the picture and a last NAL unit of the picture; splitting the first NAL unit of the picture into a first plurality of fragments and splitting the last NAL unit of the picture into a last plurality of fragments; packetizing the first plurality of fragments into a first plurality of fragmentation unit (FU) packets and packetizing the last plurality of fragments in to a last plurality of FU packets; and transmitting the first plurality of FU packets and the last plurality of FU packets, wherein a last FU packet of the last plurality of FU packets includes a last FU header including a last R bit, and wherein the last R bit is set to 1.

A network element includes multiple ports and a packet classifier. The packet classifier is configured to receive rules and Rule Patterns (RPs), each RP corresponding to a subset of the rules and specifies positions of unmasked packet-header bits to be matched by the rules in the subset, to store in a RAM a grouping of the RPs into Extended RPs (ERPs), each ERP defining a superset of the unmasked bits in the RPs associated therewith, to receive packets and match each packet to one or more of the rules by accessing the ERPs in the RAM, to determine counter values, each counter value corresponding to a respective RP and is indicative of a number of the received packets that match the RP, and to adaptively modify grouping of the RPs into the ERPs depending on the counter values.

A network element includes multiple ports and a packet classifier. The packet classifier is configured to receive rules and Rule Patterns (RPs), each RP corresponding to a subset of the rules and specifies positions of unmasked packet-header bits to be matched by the rules in the subset, to store in a RAM a grouping of the RPs into Extended RPs (ERPs), each ERP defining a superset of the unmasked bits in the RPs associated therewith, to receive packets and match each packet to one or more of the rules by accessing the ERPs in the RAM, to determine counter values, each counter value corresponding to a respective RP and is indicative of a number of the received packets that match the RP, and to adaptively modify grouping of the RPs into the ERPs depending on the counter values.

A state detection circuit compares a target connection with an immediate previous connection based on an identifier of an incoming packet and detects a post-transitional state of the target connection based on a control flag of the incoming packet and on a pre-transitional state of the target connection detected just before if the target connection is identical with the immediate previous connection; and a connection counting circuit increments or decrements the number of target connections only when the detected post-transitional state indicates a start or end of the target connection.

A state detection circuit compares a target connection with an immediate previous connection based on an identifier of an incoming packet and detects a post-transitional state of the target connection based on a control flag of the incoming packet and on a pre-transitional state of the target connection detected just before if the target connection is identical with the immediate previous connection; and a connection counting circuit increments or decrements the number of target connections only when the detected post-transitional state indicates a start or end of the target connection.

A transmission device according to the present disclosure includes: a transmission unit configured to output, to a transmission channel, a plurality of packets each including a payload and a header added to the payload, the payload including pixel data corresponding to one line included in an image of one frame; and an insertion ratio calculator configured to calculate an insertion ratio of a padding code, the padding code being inserted into the payload to fill a difference between a transmission rate of the pixel data that is inputted to the transmission unit and a transmission rate of the pixel data that is outputted from the transmission unit to the transmission channel.

A transmission device according to the present disclosure includes: a transmission unit configured to output, to a transmission channel, a plurality of packets each including a payload and a header added to the payload, the payload including pixel data corresponding to one line included in an image of one frame; and an insertion ratio calculator configured to calculate an insertion ratio of a padding code, the padding code being inserted into the payload to fill a difference between a transmission rate of the pixel data that is inputted to the transmission unit and a transmission rate of the pixel data that is outputted from the transmission unit to the transmission channel.

The present disclosure discloses an operation management method for a network device without address information, which includes: recognizing an address of a front-end terminal; constructing a standard UDP/TCP data packet according to the address and session state information; and sending the standard UDP/TCP data packet. In another aspect, a network device without address information is claimed, which includes: a recognizing module configured to recognize an address of a front-end terminal; a data packet generating module configured to construct a standard UDP/TCP data packet according to the address and session state information; and a sending module configured to send the standard UDP/TCP data packet. The method and device described above can reduce the workload of network renovation while minimizing renovation costs, thereby maximizing cost effectiveness. Thus, any technical breakthrough in this direction is regarded as the direction of development.