A mechanism is disclosed for performing network embedded real time service level objective (SLO) validation. The mechanism may be implemented by a network device including a processor configured to generate a data packet as part of a data flow, the data packet including a service level objective (SLO), the SLO indicating a network service threshold and including a key performance indicator (KPI), the KPI indicating a network service metric to be compared to the network service threshold; a transmitter coupled to the processor, the transmitter configured to transmit the data packet toward a network; and a receiver coupled to the processor, the receiver configured to receive a message, the message indicating to the network device whether a service provided by the network has met or violated the SLO.

A data transmission method, device, and system are provided. The method includes: receiving a first data packet sent by an external network device; verifying an authentication header (AH) packet header of the first data packet by using a first security association (SA); and sending the first data packet to an internet of things (IoT) device if the verification succeeds. According to the embodiments of this application, storage overheads and computational overheads of the IoT device in internet of things can be reduced, to implement end-to-end secure communication between the IoT device and the external network device, and improve security of a communications system.

A data transmission method, device, and system are provided. The method includes: receiving a first data packet sent by an external network device; verifying an authentication header (AH) packet header of the first data packet by using a first security association (SA); and sending the first data packet to an internet of things (IoT) device if the verification succeeds. According to the embodiments of this application, storage overheads and computational overheads of the IoT device in internet of things can be reduced, to implement end-to-end secure communication between the IoT device and the external network device, and improve security of a communications system.

A bit index explicit replication (BIER) operations, administration, and maintenance (OAM) detection method includes a bit forwarding ingress router (BFIR) obtaining a detection request packet based on a first BIER OAM packet, and sending the detection request packet to at least one bit forwarding egress router BFER. The detection request packet includes a first packet and a first packet header. The first packet is a packet obtained by encapsulating the first BIER OAM packet. The first packet header includes a bit string, and the bit string indicates the at least one bit forwarding egress router BFER that is to be measured.

A communication apparatus for executing communication by establishing connections with another communication apparatus using a plurality of frequency channels transmits or receives, while control communication for collectively controlling communication in the connections using at least two of the plurality of frequency channels is executed, a frame for ending the control communication to or from the other communication apparatus. The frame can include at least two fields each storing information concerning a frequency channel, use of which is stopped in the control communication.

In one embodiment, Ethernet Virtual Private Network (EVPN) is implemented using Internet Protocol Version 6 (IPv6) Segment Routing (SRv6) underlay network and SRv6-enhanced Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) signaling. A particular route associated with a particular Internet Protocol Version 6 (IPv6) Segment Routing (SRv6) Segment Identifier (SID) is advertised in a particular route advertisement message of a routing protocol (e.g., BGP). The SID includes encoding representing a particular Ethernet Virtual Private Network (EVPN) Layer 2 (L2) flooding Segment Routing end function of the particular router and a particular Ethernet Segment Identifier (ESI), with the particular SID including a routable prefix to the particular router. The particular router receives a particular packet including the particular SID; and in response, the particular router performs the particular EVPN end function on the particular packet.

In one embodiment, Ethernet Virtual Private Network (EVPN) is implemented using Internet Protocol Version 6 (IPv6) Segment Routing (SRv6) underlay network and SRv6-enhanced Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) signaling. A particular route associated with a particular Internet Protocol Version 6 (IPv6) Segment Routing (SRv6) Segment Identifier (SID) is advertised in a particular route advertisement message of a routing protocol (e.g., BGP). The SID includes encoding representing a particular Ethernet Virtual Private Network (EVPN) Layer 2 (L2) flooding Segment Routing end function of the particular router and a particular Ethernet Segment Identifier (ESI), with the particular SID including a routable prefix to the particular router. The particular router receives a particular packet including the particular SID; and in response, the particular router performs the particular EVPN end function on the particular packet.

Method and device used for wireless communications, including receiving a second media access control packet data unit (MAC PDU) group, a MAC Header of any MAC PDU in the second MAC PDU group comprising information corresponding to a first portion of a first old identifier (ID); the second MAC PDU group comprising a first packet data convergence protocol (PDCP) PDU, and a header of the first PDCP PDU comprising a first key ID; the first key ID being used to identify a first key, and the first key being used to generate a key for a security algorithm applied to the first PDCP PDU; transmitting a first MAC PDU group comprising a second PDCP PDU, the second PDCP PDU comprising information corresponding to a first portion of the first PDCP PDU; by determining a first key ID and a second key ID, reliability is improved, and risks during communications are avoided.

Method and device used for wireless communications, including receiving a second media access control packet data unit (MAC PDU) group, a MAC Header of any MAC PDU in the second MAC PDU group comprising information corresponding to a first portion of a first old identifier (ID); the second MAC PDU group comprising a first packet data convergence protocol (PDCP) PDU, and a header of the first PDCP PDU comprising a first key ID; the first key ID being used to identify a first key, and the first key being used to generate a key for a security algorithm applied to the first PDCP PDU; transmitting a first MAC PDU group comprising a second PDCP PDU, the second PDCP PDU comprising information corresponding to a first portion of the first PDCP PDU; by determining a first key ID and a second key ID, reliability is improved, and risks during communications are avoided.

Disclosed are a communication scheme and a system thereof for converging an IoT technology and a 5G communication system for supporting a high data transmission rate beyond that of a 4G system. The disclosure can be applied to intelligent services (for example, services related to a smart home, smart building, smart city, smart car, connected car, health care digital education, retail business, security, and safety) based on the 5G communication technology and the IoT-related technology. Disclosed are a method and an apparatus for supporting a multimedia telephony (MMTEL) system, a method and an apparatus for efficiently operating a new QoS layer (service data access protocol (SDAP)), and a method and an apparatus for efficiently supporting a bandwidth part in the SCell in carrier aggregation or in dual connectivity.