A control system, apparatus, and method are provided. In the control system, plural apparatuses in time synchronization with one another are connected to a network, and the network transfers a frame periodically exchanged by the apparatuses. The apparatuses include a control device and an apparatus controlled by the control device. Each apparatus in the control system is connected over the network, to a first apparatus that transmits a frame that arrives at each of the apparatuses and a second apparatus that receives a frame transmitted from each of the apparatuses. Each apparatus includes information on a frame transfer path and transfer timing based on a synchronous time. When a frame does not arrive at defined time through the transfer path and when a condition associated with a cycle is satisfied, one or more of the apparatuses is configured to transmit a resend request through the transfer path.

Embodiments of this application disclose a packet processing method. The method in the embodiments of this application includes: receiving a first negotiation packet from a second network device based on a first interface of a first network device, where the first negotiation packet includes a first source media access control MAC address; determining whether the first source MAC address is the same as a first locked MAC address stored by the first network device, where the first locked MAC address is a MAC address of a network device that is determined by the first network device and that has established negotiation with the first network device; and when it is determined that the first source MAC address is different from the first locked MAC address stored by the first network device, skipping updating a link status of a first link based on the first negotiation packet.

Embodiments of this application disclose a packet processing method. The method in the embodiments of this application includes: receiving a first negotiation packet from a second network device based on a first interface of a first network device, where the first negotiation packet includes a first source media access control MAC address; determining whether the first source MAC address is the same as a first locked MAC address stored by the first network device, where the first locked MAC address is a MAC address of a network device that is determined by the first network device and that has established negotiation with the first network device; and when it is determined that the first source MAC address is different from the first locked MAC address stored by the first network device, skipping updating a link status of a first link based on the first negotiation packet.

Examples described herein relate to a network interface comprising physical medium dependent (PMD) circuitry, the PMD circuitry to during link training of at least one lane consistent with IEEE 802.3, exit to TIME_OUT state during TRAIN_LOCAL state based on consideration of expiration of a wait timer, loss of local_tf_lock state, and loss of remote_tf_lock state. In some examples, during link training for at least one lane consistent with IEEE 802.3, the PMD circuitry is to exit to TIME_OUT state during TRAIN_REMOTE state based on consideration of expiration of a wait timer, loss of local_tf_lock state, and loss of remote_tf_lock state. In some examples, link training consistent with IEEE 802.3 comprises performance of the PMD control function in Section 162.8.11 of IEEE 802.3ck.

Examples described herein relate to a network interface comprising physical medium dependent (PMD) circuitry, the PMD circuitry to during link training of at least one lane consistent with IEEE 802.3, exit to TIME_OUT state during TRAIN_LOCAL state based on consideration of expiration of a wait timer, loss of local_tf_lock state, and loss of remote_tf_lock state. In some examples, during link training for at least one lane consistent with IEEE 802.3, the PMD circuitry is to exit to TIME_OUT state during TRAIN_REMOTE state based on consideration of expiration of a wait timer, loss of local_tf_lock state, and loss of remote_tf_lock state. In some examples, link training consistent with IEEE 802.3 comprises performance of the PMD control function in Section 162.8.11 of IEEE 802.3ck.

A method performed by a first server for supporting session-oriented services for a vehicle includes transmitting a session-oriented service trigger request to a second server to initiate a session-oriented service for a client device. The method includes receiving a session-oriented service trigger response from the second server indicating whether or not the second server has an ability to initiate a session-oriented service with the client device. In other embodiments, a method performed by a second server communicatively connected to a network for supporting session-oriented services for a vehicle includes receiving a session-oriented service trigger request from a first server to initiate a session-oriented service for a client device. The method includes transmitting a session-oriented service trigger response to the first server indicating whether or not the second server has the ability to initiate a session-oriented service with the client device.

A method for communication between controllers in TSN. A first controller receives a first packet that is sent by a second controller and that includes an identifier of a TSN domain to which the second controller belongs. The first controller determines, based on the TSN domain identifier, that the first controller and the second controller belong to a same TSN domain. The first controller sends, to the second controller, a second packet that carries user information. According to the foregoing method, communication and exchange between the controllers may be implemented, so that the controllers cooperatively configure a network device in the TSN.

Disclosed are various embodiments for receiving, via a network, a request from a client to establish a network tunnel over the network. Various embodiments can create a virtual network comprising a virtual network gateway in response to receiving a service call. Various embodiments can further allocate an available computing resource to the virtual network gateway to augment a first computing resource. Allocating the available computing resource can be performed in response to a usage of the first computing resource assigned to the virtual network gateway.

Disclosed are various embodiments for receiving, via a network, a request from a client to establish a network tunnel over the network. Various embodiments can create a virtual network comprising a virtual network gateway in response to receiving a service call. Various embodiments can further allocate an available computing resource to the virtual network gateway to augment a first computing resource. Allocating the available computing resource can be performed in response to a usage of the first computing resource assigned to the virtual network gateway.

A base station transmits a rate recommendation to a first user equipment (UE) device. The rate recommendation is to be used for a Voice over Long-Term Evolution (VoLTE) call between the first UE device and a second UE device. In some instances, the first UE device and the second UE device negotiate the rate to be used for the VoLTE call, based on the rate recommended by the base station. If the negotiated rate is supported by the base station and/or matches a supported codec rate, the UE devices implement the rate and provide rate feedback to the base station.