This application discloses a communications method and apparatus, to resolve a problem of a loss of terminal data related to a service requirement of one card of a dual-card terminal with only one transmit chain when the other card of the terminal is in connected state. The method includes: when a first card is in connected state and a second card is in non-connected state, a communications apparatus determines that the second card may enter a connected state from a non-connected state.

Embodiments of this application disclose a method for determining a data buffer status, and an apparatus. The method includes: A first MLD receives first indication information from a second MLD, and determines, based on the first indication information and a correspondence between an association identifier of the first MLD and a data type supported by the first MLD, a buffer status of bufferable data that corresponds to the at least one data type and that is in the second MLD, where the first indication information is used to indicate the buffer status of the bufferable data. According to the embodiments of this application, a data buffer status in a data type dimension can be determined. The embodiments of this application may be applied to a wireless local area network system that supports a next-generation Wi-Fi EHT protocol of the IEEE 802.11, that is, the 802.11 protocol such as 802.11be.

Embodiments of this application disclose a method for determining a data buffer status, and an apparatus. The method includes: A first MLD receives first indication information from a second MLD, and determines, based on the first indication information and a correspondence between an association identifier of the first MLD and a data type supported by the first MLD, a buffer status of bufferable data that corresponds to the at least one data type and that is in the second MLD, where the first indication information is used to indicate the buffer status of the bufferable data. According to the embodiments of this application, a data buffer status in a data type dimension can be determined. The embodiments of this application may be applied to a wireless local area network system that supports a next-generation Wi-Fi EHT protocol of the IEEE 802.11, that is, the 802.11 protocol such as 802.11be.

An electronic monitoring system and method are provided. The electronic monitoring system monitors communication of data between a device primary radio of a monitoring device and a hub primary radio through a primary communication path. Communication of the data is transferred to a secondary communication path between a device secondary radio of the monitoring device and a hub secondary radio in response to the detection of a disruption on the primary communication path resulting from interference or jamming of communications over the primary communication path. The primary and secondary radios operate a different frequencies.

The present technology is directed to establishing a connection between a client device within a 2G or 3G network and 5G core through an interworking function. The present technology can perform establishing a Gn-4G interworking function (IWF) between a client access network and a packet anchor network and performing one or more network functions through the Gn-4G IWF in providing a client of the client access network access to network services through the packet anchor network. The one or more network functions appear as one or more Gateway GPRS Support Node (GGSN) functions from the client access network (e.g., 2G or 3G network). The one or more network functions concurrently appear as one or more S4 Serving GPRS Support Node (SGSN) functions from the packet anchor network (e.g., 4G or 5G network).

A device for managing update of a vehicle includes a communication device in communication with at least one control device of the vehicle and in communication with an OTA (Over The Air) server for software update of the at least one control device, and a controller that relays communication between the at least one control device and the OTA server, and controls the at least one control device.

Described embodiments provide systems and methods for adapting/negotiating media information. A first device may determine a channel quality of a wireless channel in an unlicensed spectrum between the first device and a first tethered device. The first device may determine a first bit rate supportable on the wireless channel according to the channel quality. The first device may send, to the second device, an offer message with an offered bit rate comprising a lower of the first bit rate or a second bit rate supportable by a connection between the first device and the second device at least partially across a licensed spectrum. The first device may receive, from the second device, a reply message with a reply bit rate that is less than or equal to the offered bit rate, to apply to wireless communication across at least the first tethered device, the first device and the second device.

Various aspects of the present disclosure generally relate to wireless communication. In some aspects, a network node may identify a marking of one or more packets, of a quality of service (QoS) flow, with a transport layer identifier associated with a QoS of the QoS flow, wherein the transport layer identifier persists between a user plane function (UPF) and a user equipment (UE). The network node may provide the one or more packets via one or more tunnels with the QoS of the QoS flow. Numerous other aspects are described.

A system described herein may provide a technique for an inter-segment Network Function (“NF”) discovery procedure in a network that includes multiple discrete network segments. The network segments may each include a respective set of NFs. An NF discovery request may include discovery parameters such as an identifier of a User Equipment (“UE”). Network segments may be checked in a sequential or hierarchical manner to determine whether a respective network segment includes an instance of the requested NF that matches the discovery parameters (e.g., is associated with the UE identified in the NF discovery request).

A method implemented in a monitoring station is described. The monitoring station is configurable to monitor a communication between a first wireless device and a second wireless device. The method includes receiving a packet from the first wireless device, the packet being addressed to the second wireless device and determining whether the received packet meets at least one criterion of one packet that is to be blocked. The method further includes transmitting a blocking signal when the received packet meets the at least one criterion of the one packet that is to be blocked. The blocking signal causes an interference with a reception, at the second wireless device, of at least one field of the received packet.