Apparatuses, systems, and methods for a wireless device avoiding reselection or handover to cells of different operators. The wireless device may attach to a first base station of a first network operator. The wireless device may determine that a neighboring base station is associated with a second network operator. Based on determining the neighboring base station is associated with the second network operator, the wireless device may exclude the third base station from handover or reselection.

A data migration method and an apparatus are applied to a scenario in which a user plane gateway communicating with a terminal is changed from a source user plane gateway to a target user plane gateway. The target user plane gateway receives an address of the terminal from a control plane gateway, obtains an Ethernet data packet based on the address of the terminal, and sends the Ethernet data packet to an Ethernet interface, so that a switch obtains the Ethernet data packet through the Ethernet interface, and updates a MAC address table based on the Ethernet data packet.

A data migration method and an apparatus are applied to a scenario in which a user plane gateway communicating with a terminal is changed from a source user plane gateway to a target user plane gateway. The target user plane gateway receives an address of the terminal from a control plane gateway, obtains an Ethernet data packet based on the address of the terminal, and sends the Ethernet data packet to an Ethernet interface, so that a switch obtains the Ethernet data packet through the Ethernet interface, and updates a MAC address table based on the Ethernet data packet.

During operation, an access point aggregates communication-performance information and behavior information in a wireless local area network (WLAN) corresponding to an electronic device, where the communication-performance information and the behavior information are aggregated over a time interval that is longer than an instance of a connection or association of the electronic device to the WLAN. Then, the access point provides the communication-performance information and the behavior information to a second electronic device. After receiving information about another instance of a connection or association of the electronic device to the WLAN, the access point provides a request to the second electronic device for historical information about communication performance and behavior of the electronic device in the WLAN. Moreover, after receiving the historical information, the access point selectively provides the transition recommendation in the WLAN to the electronic device, where the transition recommendation is based at least in part on the historical information.

During operation, an access point aggregates communication-performance information and behavior information in a wireless local area network (WLAN) corresponding to an electronic device, where the communication-performance information and the behavior information are aggregated over a time interval that is longer than an instance of a connection or association of the electronic device to the WLAN. Then, the access point provides the communication-performance information and the behavior information to a second electronic device. After receiving information about another instance of a connection or association of the electronic device to the WLAN, the access point provides a request to the second electronic device for historical information about communication performance and behavior of the electronic device in the WLAN. Moreover, after receiving the historical information, the access point selectively provides the transition recommendation in the WLAN to the electronic device, where the transition recommendation is based at least in part on the historical information.

A method for operating a relay node during a handoff from a first controller to a second controller includes receiving a first instruction from the first controller to discontinue using a first set of wireless backhaul link resources allocated to the relay node by the first controller and to temporarily use a second set of wireless backhaul link resources dedicated by the second controller. The method also includes receiving a second instruction from the second controller to discontinue using the second set of wireless backhaul link resources and to begin using a third set of wireless backhaul link resources allocated to the relay node by the second controller.

A method for operating a relay node during a handoff from a first controller to a second controller includes receiving a first instruction from the first controller to discontinue using a first set of wireless backhaul link resources allocated to the relay node by the first controller and to temporarily use a second set of wireless backhaul link resources dedicated by the second controller. The method also includes receiving a second instruction from the second controller to discontinue using the second set of wireless backhaul link resources and to begin using a third set of wireless backhaul link resources allocated to the relay node by the second controller.

Some embodiments provide a method for performing radio access network (RAN) functions in a cloud at a user-level tracing application that executes on a machine deployed on a host computer in the cloud. The method receives data, via a RAN intelligent controller (RIC), from a RAN component. The method uses the received data to generate information related to traffic performance for at least one user. The method provides the generated information to the RIC.

A source Integrated Access Backhaul, IAB, node (20) sends a handover request (110) from the source IAB node (20) to a target IAB node (30) to which a Mobile Termination, MT, (10) of an IAB node is to be migrated. The handover request (110) comprises an indication of a proxied inter donor IAB node migration of the MT (10) to the target IAB node (30). In some embodiments, according to the indication of the proxied inter donor IAB node migration, a radio resource control, RRC, connection of the IAB node is to be migrated to the target IAB node (30) but F1 connections and RRC connections of any children nodes served by the IAB node are to be kept at the source IAB node (20). In any event, the target IAB node (30) correspondingly receives the handover request (110) and sends a handover response (115) to the source IAB node (20).

A mobility management method and apparatus are provided, to flexibly switch a forwarding path, and ensure service continuity in a movement process of a terminal device. The method includes: A control plane network element determines a changed media access control address MAC address of a first terminal device after the first terminal device moves. Then, the control plane network element determines at least one second terminal device that belongs to a same terminal device group as the first terminal device, where the first terminal device is a terminal device whose address changes after the movement, and the at least one second terminal device is a terminal device other than the first terminal device in the terminal device group. Finally, the control plane network element notifies the first terminal device and the at least one second terminal device to update to the changed MAC address of the first terminal device.