The present invention provides a heating apparatus for heating a load. The heating apparatus comprises a heater having a heating element for receiving electrical power and for converting the electrical power into heat to heat a heating surface of the heater. The heating apparatus also comprises a temperature sensor for sensing and outputting a measurement of the temperature of the heating element, a power actuator for providing the electrical power to the heating element of the heater, a power sensor for sensing and outputting a measurement of the power provided to the heating element by the power actuator, and control circuitry for controlling the power actuator to control the power delivered by the power actuator to the heating element. The control circuitry is configured to receive the temperature measurement from the temperature sensor, receive the power measurement from the power sensor, combine the temperature measurement and the power measurement, and control the power actuator in dependence upon the combined temperature measurement and power measurement. This ensures that the temperature of the heating surface is constant throughout a period when the load is applied.

An engine fluid heating apparatus, preventing failure in heating fluid, is provided. A control device opens a sub switch during an initial opening period (“IOP”) after closing a main switch, and the control device closes the sub switch during an initial closing period (“ICP”) after the IOP. Circuit normality is displayed by turning on an indicator lamp when a heater feeding circuit is electrically conducted via a bypass electric circuit during the IOP. Heater feeding is displayed by turning off the indicator lamp when power is supplied to the electric heater via a trunk electric circuit during the ICP. Circuit abnormality is displayed by turning off the indicator lamp when the heater feeding circuit is not electrically conducted via the bypass electric circuit during the IOP, and the circuit abnormality display is held by keeping the indicator lamp off during the ICP immediately after the IOP.

A power supply unit for an aerosol inhaler includes: a first element having a first electric resistance value connected in series to a load; a second series circuit including a second element having a second electric resistance value and a third element connected in series to the second element and having a third electric resistance value, and connected in parallel with a first series circuit including the load and the first element; an operational amplifier in which one of a non-inverting input terminal and an inverting input terminal is connected to the first series circuit, and the other of the non-inverting input terminal and the inverting input terminal is connected to the second series circuit; and a heating circuit capable of supplying the load with a current larger than a current flowing through the load when a current flows through the first series circuit and the second series circuit.

A control device of an aerosol inhaler including a load heating an aerosol generation source, in which a temperature and an electric resistance value of the load are correlated. The control device includes: a voltage sensor configured to output a voltage value applied to the load; a known resistor which is connected in series to the load; and a control circuit configured to acquire the temperature of the load based on output of the voltage sensor. The control circuit is configured such that a resolution of the temperature of the load acquired based on the output of the voltage sensor is 10 [° C.] or less.

An electrical tubular heating element is disclosed with a tubular metal sheath, in whose interior at least one electrical heating element, which is constructed as a resistive wire, arranged electrically insulated from the tubular metal sheath at least in sections, in which the electrical heating element has a base body, which consists of one or more sections of the electrical heating element each with essentially constant cross section, and two end sections and that at least one end section of at least one of the electrical heating elements is subjected to a shape-changing process, so that the cross section of the end section is reduced at least in sub-areas of the end section in comparison to the cross section in each section of the base body. A method for manufacturing such an electrical tubular heating element is also disclosed.

An electrically heated tubing bundle includes one or more tubes configured to allow a fluid to flow therethough, and an electrical resistance heater. The electrical resistance heater includes a plurality of heater wires each having a predetermined electrical resistance, the heater wires extending along at least a portion of the one or more tubes, one or more power wires connected to a power supply, and a connection system having a plurality of input and power leads at a power side of the connection system and a plurality of output and return leads at a probe side of the connection system. The one or more power wires are connected to respective power and input leads. Each heater wire is configured for selective electrical connection to an input and power lead and an output and return lead which form lead pairs for each heater wire, such that a plurality of different circuit configurations for the electrical resistance heater are provided based on electrical connections between the heater wires and the lead pairs.

A method of preserving power quality on a power grid is provided. The method is implemented by a voltage overflow device that is electrically coupled to the power grid through electrical contacts. A voltage monitoring circuit of the voltage overflow device monitors a voltage via the electrical contacts on the power grid with respect to a predetermined voltage. The voltage monitoring circuit determines whether the voltage exceeds the predetermined voltage. A switch of the voltage overflow device shunt an excess voltage over the predetermined voltage to a resistive load when the voltage exceeds the predetermined voltage to preserve the power quality on the power grid.

A heating wire control system has a normally open relay, a control circuit, and a remote controller. The control circuit has a transmitter/receiver adapted for wireless communication with a remote server and is adapted to obtain operational parameters from the remote controller through the server, and to use the operational parameters to selectively provide an electrical signal close the relay and energize heating wire. Weather forecasts, time, ambient conditions, and manual input are all selectively used by the control circuit to operate the control system.

A cooktop appliance or heating element, as provided herein, may include a thermostat within the heating zone of the heating element. The thermostat may include a base and a top cap held on the base. The heat transfer disk may be joined to the thermostat at the top cap.

An electric heating temperature control apparatus and an electric heating device are provided. The electric heating temperature control apparatus is connected with an external electric heating wire including a temperature sensing conductor, an insulating layer and a heating conductor, and includes a temperature detecting circuit including a temperature sensing voltage dividing and sampling unit, an AC voltage dividing and sampling unit and a differential signal processing unit, the AC voltage dividing and sampling unit is used for converting an input signal of the AC power supply into a reference voltage signal, the temperature sensing voltage dividing and sampling unit is used for converting a signal flowing through the temperature sensing conductor into a temperature voltage signal, and the differential signal processing unit is used for performing a differential comparison between the temperature voltage signal and the reference voltage signal. The electric heating device includes the electric heating temperature control apparatus.