A metal wiring bonding structure 100 comprises contacts 753 of connection FPC 75 and heater lands 46 of a sheet heater 30 to be bonded by a solder bonding member 766. A connection FPC 75 includes contact opposed lands 754 formed of metal and disposed at positions respectively opposed to the plurality of contacts 753 on a surface of a support layer 751 opposite from a surface on which metal wires 750 are provided. In addition to base surfaces 461 opposed to the contacts 753, the heater lands 46 respectively include extended surfaces 462 opposed to imaginary extended portions 753b imaginarily extended ahead from the contacts 753. A solder bonding member 756 covers surfaces of the contact opposed lands 754, a distal end surface of the connection FPC 75, and the extended surfaces 462 of the heater lands 46, and is filled in a bonding space C.

A metal wiring bonding structure 100 comprises contacts 753 of connection FPC 75 and heater lands 46 of a sheet heater 30 to be bonded by a solder bonding member 766. A connection FPC 75 includes contact opposed lands 754 formed of metal and disposed at positions respectively opposed to the plurality of contacts 753 on a surface of a support layer 751 opposite from a surface on which metal wires 750 are provided. In addition to base surfaces 461 opposed to the contacts 753, the heater lands 46 respectively include extended surfaces 462 opposed to imaginary extended portions 753b imaginarily extended ahead from the contacts 753. A solder bonding member 756 covers surfaces of the contact opposed lands 754, a distal end surface of the connection FPC 75, and the extended surfaces 462 of the heater lands 46, and is filled in a bonding space C.

An electrically powered furnace and related methods may include an electrically powered furnace having an output of at least one megawatt with a control system; a furnace housing comprising one or more housing walls at least partially defining an interior volume; a plurality of heating zones within the interior volume; and a plurality of heated tubes extending in the interior volume. A method may include providing the feed to the electrically powered furnace; and algorithmically adjusting the output of the one or more heating elements for each of the plurality of heating zones to heat the feed to a desired temperature while maintaining temperatures of the one or more heating elements within predetermined parameters.

A system, method, and apparatus are provided for electrically shielding heated components, and more particularly, to electrically shielding electrically heated components in such a way as to be compatible with GFCI (ground fault circuit interrupter) protected circuits. Examples include an electrically shielded heated component including: a conductor, where the conductor is a heating element connected between a power line and a neutral line of a circuit from a GFCI; and a shield proximate the conductor and connected to the GFCI, where the shield receives a portion of current from the conductor and returns the portion of the current received to the GFCI.

A system, method, and apparatus are provided for electrically shielding heated components, and more particularly, to electrically shielding electrically heated components in such a way as to be compatible with GFCI (ground fault circuit interrupter) protected circuits. Examples include an electrically shielded heated component including: a conductor, where the conductor is a heating element connected between a power line and a neutral line of a circuit from a GFCI; and a shield proximate the conductor and connected to the GFCI, where the shield receives a portion of current from the conductor and returns the portion of the current received to the GFCI.

A planar heating apparatus includes a substrate, first electrodes on the substrate, second electrodes alternately arranged with the first electrodes, an electrode connector connecting end portions of the first or second electrodes to each other and a power connector connected to the electrode connector and to which a power supply is connected. The power connector extends outside of the substrate.

A sheet heater includes a substrate; a first and second finger electrode each on the substrate to lengthwise extend in a first direction and be spaced apart from each other in a second direction; and a heating layer on the substrate to have a stripe shape lengthwise extended in the second direction to cross each of the first and second finger electrodes. The first finger electrode or the second finger electrode crossed by the heating layer is a pattern electrode in which an opening is defined, for the pattern electrode in which the opening is defined, an opening ratio is defined by a total planar area of the opening to a total planar area of the pattern electrode, and the opening ratio is in a range from about 40% to about 80%.

A heating apparatus, which can stably fix a heater and be easily produced, includes a heat insulating material and an electric heater embedded in the surface or near the surface of the heat insulating material. At least one hook extends from the electric heater into the heat insulating material. The heat insulating material is formed of ceramic fibers and a binder binding the ceramic fibers, and is integrally molded with the electric heater having the hook.

A heating apparatus, which can stably fix a heater and be easily produced, includes a heat insulating material and an electric heater embedded in the surface or near the surface of the heat insulating material. At least one hook extends from the electric heater into the heat insulating material. The heat insulating material is formed of ceramic fibers and a binder binding the ceramic fibers, and is integrally molded with the electric heater having the hook.

The invention relates to an oven (1, 1) for an analytical system, in particular for a titration system and especially for a Karl Fischer titration system. The oven (1, 1) comprises a housing, an insulation system (2a, 2a, 2b, 2b, 2c, 2c) and an insert (3, 3) for a sample vessel. The insulation system (2a, 2a, 2b, 2b, 2c, 2c) is arranged at least partially around the insert (3, 3). At least one heating element is arranged between the insulation system (2a, 2a, 2b, 2b, 2c, 2c) and the insert (3, 3) and at least partially surrounding the insert (3, 3). The invention also relates to a titration system with such an oven (1, 1) and a titration method.