An article comprising a heater that comprises a high-resistance magnification (HRM) PTC ink deposited on a flexible substrate to form one or more resistors. The HRM PTC ink has a resistance magnification of at least 20 in a temperature range of at least 20 degrees Celsius above a switching temperature of the ink, the resistance magnification being defined as a ratio between a resistance of the double-resin ink at a temperature ‘T’ and a resistance of the double-resin ink at 25 degrees Celsius.

The laminated glass comprises a pair of glass plates, a pair of intermediate layers located between the pair of glass plates and being in contact, respectively, with the glass plates and a substrate located between the intermediate layers and provided with an electrically conductive heated material, wherein a first bus bar, which is connected to the electrically conductive heated material, is arranged along at a left end of the substrate; a second bus bar, which is connected to the electrically conductive heated material is arranged along at a right end of the substrate, and a third bus bar is disposed as superimposed on at least a part of the region of at least one bus bar among the first and second bus bars.

The present invention discloses a film type liquid heater and a uniform heating method thereof. End fixation plates are arranged at two ends of a barrel. A heating pipe is arranged in the barrel. Pipe ports run through the two end fixation plates, respectively. Connecting pipes are arranged in the pipe ports. Sealing connection components are arranged at inner ends of the two connecting pipes. A heating film layer is coated outside the heating pipe. Electrode layers are connected left and right sides of the heating film layer, and the electrode layers are connected to an external power supply. An insulating layer is coated outside the heating film layer. A flow splitting column is fixedly connected in the heating pipe. A heating chamber is formed between an inner side of the heating pipe and the flow splitting column. Flow splitting grooves are formed at left and right ends and on the inner side of the flow splitting column. Two outer ends of the flow splitting grooves are communicated with the connecting pipes, and the flow splitting grooves are communicated with the heating chamber. The heating film layer is electrified to generate heat. The heat is conducted inward to the heating pipe and the flow splitting column, and conducted outward to the barrel. Liquid flows into the heating chamber through the connecting pipes and the flow splitting grooves, so that the heating uniformity of the liquid flow flowing through the heating chamber is improved.

Protective blankets comprise a flexible blanket body and a voltage supply. The flexible blanket body comprises a plurality of sheets of material operatively coupled together to define the flexible blanket body. The plurality of sheets comprises one or more sheets composed at least in part of a carbon nanotube material and at least one sheet composed of a different material. The voltage supply is electrically coupled at least to a first sheet of the one or more sheets composed at least in part of the carbon nanotube material, such that the first sheet defines a resistive heater.

The invention concerns a conductive pattern sheet for use in a glazing, comprising a substrate, a conductive pattern arranged on the substrate, wherein the conductive pattern comprises first and second busbars arranged at opposing edges of the conductive pattern for connecting a power supply thereto, a plurality of conductive lines each conductive line arranged between the first and second busbars, wherein at least a portion of the plurality of conductive lines is configured to have a transition region wherein a change from a first resistance per unit length (R1) at a first end of the transition region to a second resistance per unit length (R2) at a second end of the transition region occurs over a predetermined length (L) of the transition region wherein a rate of change of resistance per unit length (R1-R2)/L is from 1 to 16,000 ohms per centimetre squared and the substrate is a polymer sheet.

Embodiments of the present application provide an electrical apparatus, a battery, a heating film and a manufacturing method and a manufacturing device thereof. The heating film may include a first protective layer, a second protective layer, and a heating layer and an electrode layer arranged in a stacked manner between the first protective layer and the second protective layer. The heating layer may include a plurality of sub heating regions arranged at intervals, and the electrode layer may be electrically connected to the plurality of sub heating regions to form a parallel heating loop.

A heater system for an LED light assembly having a lens includes a flexible composite positioned around an outer surface of the lens. The flexible composite includes a polymer base layer, a plurality of conductive buses provided on the base layer, and a resistive layer electrically connecting the plurality of buses to form a circuit. The resistive layer includes conductor particles dispersed in a polymer matrix. The resistive layer has a crystalline first condition prior to applying electricity to one of the buses and an amorphous second condition in response to applying electricity to one of the buses.

Systems may include a heater including a plurality of heating elements that may include a first heating element configured to generate heat based on a first current, and a second heating element configured to generate heat based on a second current. Systems may further include an electromagnetic (EM) radiation reducing device configured to cancel electromagnetic emissions from the heater. The EM radiation reducing device may include a first EM radiation reduction element positioned adjacent to a first side of the heater, and a second EM radiation reduction element positioned adjacent to a second side of the heater, where the first and second EM radiation reduction elements have geometries configured based, at least in part, on the heater.

An intraoral scanner comprises an optical element for transmission of optical signals and a primary housing that houses the optical element, the primary housing comprising a head configured for insertion into a patient oral cavity, the head of the primary housing defining an aperture for transmission of the optical signals, wherein the primary housing comprises a longitudinal axis, and wherein a vector normal to a plane defined by the aperture is at a right angle or an acute angle to the longitudinal axis. The intraoral scanner further comprises a defogging element coupled to the primary housing, the defogging element comprising a transparent substrate aligned with the aperture, at least one side of the transparent substrate facing an external environment, and a transparent conductive layer on a surface of the transparent substrate, wherein responsive to application of electrical power to the transparent conductive layer, the transparent conductive layer generates heat.

A safety method and system consisting of resistance checking for use with high power deicing and defogging systems, including high power deicing and defogging systems for windshields and including quasi-continuous checking with pulse-electro thermal deicing and defogging systems, is disclosed. The resistance checking system may be combined with a proximity detector safety system which operates in conjunction with the resistance based safety system.