A panel comprising a heat providing layer is presented. The panel includes panel coupling means arranged for coupling the panel to adjacent panels. Longitudinal grooves are arranged in the panel along the whole length of the panel. In order to provide heat, at least one electrical end connector is arranged at one or more end panel coupling means. The electrical end connectors are arranged for being electrically connected to the heat providing layer, for being at least partly electrically conductive, and for at least partly protruding from the one or more end panel coupling means, thereby providing an electrical connection between the heat providing layer of the panel and a corresponding heat providing layer of at least one adjacent panel coupled to the panel. The invention also concerns a heating system comprising such a panel, the electrical end connector, and a method for installing such a heating system.

A method of forming a plurality of individual heating cables sets includes creating at least a portion of a master cable set by coupling alternating sections of cold and hot cable section, each section of cold cable section having a length twice a model cold cable section length and each section of hot cable section having a length twice a model hot cable section length. A continuous metallic ground sheath is applied about substantially all of the master cable set and a continuous outer jacket is applied about the continuous metallic ground sheath. The master cable set is segmented at defined locations to create a plurality of individual heating cable sets having an overall length of the model hot cable section length plus the model cold cable section length.

A heater panel includes a face layer. A heater/dielectric layer includes a heater layer between a pair of dielectric layers. The face layer is bonded to a first one of the dielectric layers. A ballistic structure is bonded to a second one of the dielectric layers. The face layer can be bonded directly to the first one of the dielectric layers with a film adhesive. The ballistic structure can be bonded directly to the second one of the dielectric layers with a film adhesive. The ballistic structure can be configured to withstand at least a 5.56 mm bullet impact.

A cable includes a first wire-shaped metal conductor, a second metal conductor extending a predetermined distance away from and parallel to the first conductor, and a matrix made of a PTC material extending along the conductors, touching the latter and connecting them to one another electrically, with temperature-dependent electrical resistance and a positive temperature coefficient. At least one electrically insulating outer insulation layer surrounds the conductors and the matrix annularly. At least a third and a fourth metal conductor extend a predetermined distance away from and parallel to the first conductor, touch the matrix and are connected electrically by means of the latter to the first conductor, the second, the third and the fourth conductor being made in a wire shape and, considering the cross-section of the cable, being arranged distributed evenly over a circular track surrounding the first conductor.

The present application discloses a high-performance far-infrared surface heating element of carbon composite material and application thereof. The surface heating element comprises: a carbon composite material layer comprising a film-like material consisted of an sp.sup.2 hybrid structure carbon material; and thermal stable electronic insulating layer provided on opposite sides of the carbon composite material layer. The surface heating element of the present application has the characteristics of flexibility, high strength, high stability, high safety, etc., and has excellent flame retardancy, no harmful electromagnetic, no circuit protection module, economical, safe and practical characteristics, and no safety hazard; it can be used as a direct surface heating source in the field of low-voltage electric heating, such as a civil heating device used in the preparation of a floor heating device, an electric heating carpet, an electric heating mattress or a heater, as well as an industrial heating device for lithium battery modules and industrial pipe heating elements.

A heater panel includes a core and a heater/dielectric layer including a positive thermal coefficient (PTC) heater layer between a pair of dielectric layers. A structural facing is included, wherein the heater/dielectric layer is bonded directly between the core and the structural facing. A second structural facing can be bonded to the core opposite the heater/dielectric layer. An impact layer can be bonded to the structural facing, e.g., the first structural facing described above, opposite the heater/dielectric layer.

A heated floor panel assembly contains a positive temperature coefficient heater secured in the assembly through a number of welded joints through a thermoplastic dielectric layer. The positive temperature coefficient heater is on a thermoplastic substrate, which is bonded to the thermoplastic dielectric layer. The assembly further includes an impact layer, a core layer, and structural layers.

A heated floor panel assembly with an impact layer is made to absorb blunt force and protect a heating element inside the assembly. The assembly further includes a plurality of structural layer made of a reinforced polymer matrix, one or more core layer with a honeycomb or foam structure for absorbing shear stress, and a heating layer containing the heating element. The impact layer is a composite layer with a resin impregnated fiber matrix.