A heater according to an embodiment includes: a tubular portion; a sealing portion provided in each of both end portions of the tubular portion; a conductive portion provided inside each sealing portion; a heating portion provided inside the tubular portion, extending along a tube axis of the tubular portion, and including carbons; an inner lead provided in each sealing portion so that one end portion side is connected to the conductive portion and the other end portion side is exposed into the tubular portion; and a connection portion connected to each of both end portions of the heating portion inside the tubular portion. A bent portion is provided in an end portion opposite to the conductive portion in each inner lead. The bent portion is bent in a direction in which the sealing portions face each other and is provided inside a hole of the connection portion.

One or more techniques and/or apparatuses are disclosed to provide for the reflection of electromagnetic waves from an infrared heater in an enclosed structure. The infrared heater is placed off-center in the enclosed structure and an asymmetrical reflector disproportionally reflects the electromagnetic waves to the far side of the enclosed structure to evenly heat the enclosed structure. The infrared heater and asymmetrical reflector can be used to evenly heat poultry within the enclosed structure to promote uniform eating and conversion of food to muscle mass.

A heater includes a metal base, having an inner surface and an outer surface; an oxide film, formed by oxidization on the inner surface of the metal base, the oxide film being configured to generate infrared rays and at least radiatively heat an aerosol generation substrate; and a heating body, provided on the outer surface of the metal base, the heating body being configured to receive electric power from a power supply to generate heat, and transfer the heat to the oxide film such that the oxide film is heated by the heat and the temperature thereof rises, to generate infrared rays. According to the present application, the heating body is adopted to heat the oxide film formed by oxidization on the surface of the metal base, such that the oxide film generates infrared rays to radiatively heat the aerosol generation substrate.

The invention relates to an electric machine (fixed, mobile or portable) suitable to the physical, dynamic, continuous conditioning of materials having the ability to absorb electromagnetic radiation, which have the need to be treated through the irradiation of UV or IR, even without entering into contact with the machine and this also through the vacuum. The invention mainly uses the Lambert and Stefan-Boltzmann postulates, or rather the physical assumptions of the transmission of energy by radiation and in particular the concentration and the emission proximity of energy between transmitter and receiver (which varies with the square of the distance) and the emission intensity (which varies with the fourth power of the temperature). The extremely small distances between transmitter and receiver of electromagnetic energy and the cylindrical shape and concentric electromagnetic emission source (reflected from the outside towards the centre) are the main essence and novelty of the invention. The electric machine, the section of which is represented in the attached drawing of which are hereby provided in the description the letters as a reference, is composed of a suitable current generator that feeds an emitter of electromagnetic waves (EMW) represented by a coiled heating wire (heater function) or by a strip of LEDs (germicidal function) (E), which envelops a fused quartz tube (or a substitute material) of suitable thickness (D), which in turn can contain an internal (or more) further tube (C) of the same or similar transparent material of the first, adapted to the passage of materials to be treated (A); the tube (D) wrapped with the spiral emitter (E) is in turn encased by a tube (F) in suitably appropriate material to shield electromagnetic emissions towards the outside. Such screening tube will (eventually) in turn be inserted in a relatively thick insulating cup (G), coated in turn with reflecting material (H), to further isolate and insulate the system as much as possible from the external environment.

The invention relates to an exterior panel assembly for a vehicle, the assembly comprising a sheet having side edges, a first and second surface opposite of each other, and comprising a thermoplastic material, wherein the sheet is transparent to electromagnetic radiation in at least one of the ranges for radio waves, infrared radiation, visible light and ultraviolet radiation; a heating device comprising an infrared emitter for emitting infrared rays towards the sheet; and a housing structure for accommodating the heating device, wherein the housing structure opens up towards the sheet with an opening, and wherein the sheet extends over the opening of the housing structure. The inventor further relates to a vehicle comprising such an exterior panel assembly.

An infrared welding machine has a heating device that heats and melts at least one of an end surface of a first member made of resin and an end surface of a second member made of resin, called a surface-to-be-heated, with infrared rays. The heating device includes: a lamp that is disposed so as to face the surface-to-be-heated without coming into contact with the surface-to-be-heated and has a circular shape in cross-section such that the lamp radiates infrared rays in all radially outward directions; an upper-side reflective member that reflects infrared rays radiated from the lamp toward the upper side of the surface-to-be-heated so as to direct the infrared rays toward the surface-to-be-heated; and a lower-side reflective member that reflects infrared rays radiated from the lamp toward the lower side of the surface-to-be-heated so as to direct the infrared rays toward the surface-to-be-heated.

A thermal processing apparatus according to the present invention includes: a support including quartz and being for supporting a substrate from a first side within a chamber; a flash lamp disposed on a second side and being for heating the substrate by irradiating the substrate with a flash of light; a continuous illumination lamp disposed on the second side of the substrate and being for continuously heating the substrate; a light blocking member disposed to surround the substrate in plan view; and a radiation thermometer disposed on the first side of the substrate and being for measuring a temperature of the substrate, wherein the radiation thermometer measures the temperature of the substrate by receiving light at a wavelength capable of being transmitted through the support. Accuracy of measurement of the temperature of the substrate can thereby be increased.

Infrared wall panel heating with flexible heating fabric, in which a glass thread fabric is provided as the heating fabric, into which carbon threads are woven as the heating element and metallic electrical conductors, the metallic electrical conductors lying transversely to the carbon threads at both ends of the heating element and firmly looping around the carbon threads, and the heating element being electrically protected on both sides in each case by a layer of insulating foil. The wall panel heater is characterized in that at least two further layers of insulating foil and an additional layer of fleece and fabric are provided on both sides in each case for, in particular, mechanical protection of the heating element. The heater can thus be installed on a wall with direct connection to the local power supply network, in particular under plaster.

This application is related to a method and construction technology for the implementation of narrowband, digital heat injection technology. More specifically, it relates to techniques for implementations thereof producing engineered irradiation patterns.

A radiant heater for a vehicle may include a heat generation device which is coupled to a first surface of a steering column cover through a hinge, has one or more heat generators generating radiant heat, and can rotate with respect to the first surface of the steering column cover by the hinge so that the distance between the heat generators and a heat reception portion can be adjusted.